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| _, _, & _ ruled scientific thought in Europe throughout the Middle Ages. |
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| magic, mysticism, and ancient writings |
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| Scholars based their ideas on theories proposed almost a thousand years before by ancient Greek thinkers such as _. |
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| During the Middle Ages, people believed the Earth was _ and they accepted _'s view that the earth was.. |
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| flat, church, the center of the universe |
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| The Church reasoned that Earth must be.. |
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| in the center of the universe |
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| What was the year in which idaes would starrt to topple as a scientific revolution spread throughout europe ? |
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| Nicolaus Copernicus was from what country? |
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| Name of polish astronomer? |
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| Copernicus started his scientific career at what university and in what year? |
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| univerisyt of krakow; 1492 |
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| 1492 was the same year in which what else in historyu happened? |
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| columbus reached the americas |
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| What did copernicus believe about the earth ? |
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| round and that it rotated on its axis as it revolved around the sun |
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| what did copernicus think was the center of the universe ? |
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| Because of persecution , what did copernicus do with his ideas? |
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| kept them private without publishing and published them right before he died |
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| Copernicus based his theories on what? |
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| Danis astronomer whom set up an observatory to study heavnly bodies? |
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| What did Tycho Brahe do ? |
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| set up an observatory and accumulated much data on planetary movements |
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| Johannes Kepler was what? |
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| a german astronomer and mathematician |
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| What did Johannes Kelpler do? |
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| used Brahe's data with the goal of providing mathematical proof for Copernicus's hypotheses |
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| What three things did Kepler prove about the planets? |
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| that they revolve aroudn the sun, in ellipses and that they move fasted as they approah the sun |
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| why didnt kepler fear the catholic church ? |
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| Who was Galileo Galilei ? (country ) |
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| italian mathematician who faced opposition from church bc he was catholic |
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| in 1609 what did galileo do? |
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| built his telescope and convinced him that the copernican theory about the earth revolving around the sun was correct |
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| Pope _ demanded that Galileo come to Rome and stand trial. |
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| What happened after Galileo went to trial? |
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| urban threatened him so galileo had to publicly announce that he went too far |
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| As Galileo experimented with the motion of objects on earth, he helped to establish the ... ? |
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| universal laws of physics |
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| What law did Galileo come up with, |
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| what is the law of inertia? |
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| "by which an object remains at rest or in a straight-line motion unless acted upon by an external force' |
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| Who claimed that ideas based solely on tradition or unproven facts should be discarded completely? |
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| a french philosopher and mathematician |
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| who believed tha truth must be reached through reason? |
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| who invented geometry and saw math as a perfect model for clear and certain knowledge? |
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| everything except his own existence |
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| "i think therefore i am" ...? |
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| "asking the correct question is half the problem. once the question is formulated there remains to be foudn only proof.." |
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| what is the name of the book published by isaac newton in 1687? |
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| newton developed a system of mathematics that caluculates changing forces or quantities called ? |
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| as astronomy, philosophy and mathematics advanced, so did _ and _ |
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| most knowledge of anatomy had come from the work of _, an ancient Greek. |
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| Galen forumlated his theories of human anatomy by dissecting _ and _ |
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| _ _ made it clear to his professors that becaues Galen's views were based on dissected animals, his beliefs about human anatomy could not be accepted as truth. |
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| What is William Harvey known for? |
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| concluded that blood circulates throughout the body, pumped by the heart and reutrning through the veins |
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| Vesalius and Harvey based their theories upon whose ideas? |
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| Who discovered the cell ? |
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| Why did hooke give the name "cells" to cells? |
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| they reminded him of the cells found in a honey comb |
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| who was responsible for taking chemistry from its mystical and unscientific originas and establishing it as a pure science? |
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| it was believed taht all matter was made up of four elements which were? |
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| who proved that air could not be a basic element because it was a mixture of several gasses |
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| What did boyle find out about elements? |
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| that they could not be broken down into simpler parts by chemical means |
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| who discovered the existence of oxygen? |
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| who discovered the existence of oxygen? |
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| who discovered the existence of oxygen? |
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| who conducted scientific experiements that probed the nature of air and discovered that maatierals do not throw off a substance when burned but they consume oxygen ? |
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| what did marie lavoisier do to help her husband? |
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| she translated english and latin scientific essays abd books for him |
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| how did charles II of england help the new studies? |
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| he established the Royal Society of London in 1662 |
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| Isaac Newton and Robert Boyle were members of... ? |
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| how did Louis XIV support these studies? |
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| founded French Academy of Sciences\ in 1666 |
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| What was the point of the societies founded in france and england? |
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| they provided financial support to scientists and published scientific books and journals |
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| who wrote the book leviathan? |
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| who wrote two treatises of government? |
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| who wrote the declaration of independence? whose ideas was it based upon? |
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| what is Hugo Grotius known for? |
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| he called for an international code based on natural law and believed that one body of rules could reduce the dealings of govts to a system of reason |
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| The Age of Enlightenement happened around what years? |
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| What caused many of the Enligthenment thinkers to perceive the universe as a machine governed by fixed laws? |
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| what country was the most active center of ideas? |
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| madame de pompadour was a mistress to whom ? |
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| who was the editor of the encyclopedie? |
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| what did montesquieu believe? |
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| poewr shoudl be equally divided among the branches of gvt. (the 3 branches) |
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| Most famous enlightened despot? |
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| the most far reaching measures of enlightened despotism occured in .. ? |
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| Name some of the musicians of the era. There are four. |
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| bach, mozart, hayden, handel |
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