Term
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Definition
Flow of goods/ people
HUGE effects; began globalization
Am.--> Euro.= Corn, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, cotton, cocoa
Euro-->Am=Beasts of burden, animals, wheat, rice, DISEASE! |
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Term
| Causes of Indian Population Decline |
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Definition
Disease, War, Enslavement
90-100 million=dead |
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Term
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Definition
Spanish imperialism, specifically their treatment of Native Americans during colonization in Americas
Spanish people=cruel, intolerant,demons, violent, harsh
also reflected other countries' political views of spani at the time |
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Term
| French Jesuits in New France(Canada) |
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Definition
1. Find gold 2. Find the North West Passage -->Pacific Ocean
Success depended on good relations with the Native Americans (Needed humane attitude and good/strong alliances)
Policy of general acceptance |
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Term
| Aztecs and Incan Empire Comparison |
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Definition
Aztecs:Mexico, Tenochtitlan(island city) 1521 Cortez vs. MOntezuma
Incas:Andes region in S. Am. largest empire in history of world at that point in time
Both of these empires were extremely urbanized when compared to N. Am. Indians
They had many inventions and tools that Europeans had, but N. Am. indians had no idea about and no reason to use them |
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Term
| European Views of INdians |
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Definition
Noble/brutal savages;barbaric
lacked real religion;too superstitious
weak men; mistreated women |
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Term
| Columbus' Geographic Error |
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Definition
Underestimted the World's size by 10,000 miles! would have died(been unprepared) if Am had not been in the middle to stop him
originally wanted to find a back way to the East Indies |
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Term
| What Drew English to North America? |
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Definition
Social/economic crisis in Eng
Am would give Eng opportunity to become a prosperous country with colonies
Am=source of great potential wealth=BUSINESS PROPOSITION
refuge for surplus population(Eng=too crowded)
Get rid of poor/unwanted/ burdensome people in England |
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Term
| Legal Status of Indentured Servants |
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Definition
-bonded labor
-promised 5-7 years of work in exchange for a paid passage to America
-could be bought and sold (just like slaves)
-could not marry without master's permission
-physical punishment
-penalties for wasted time (with pregnancy/misbehavior for example)
-prospect of freedom at end of contract; most people did not live that long because of high death rates
-problem of runaway servants |
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Term
| Basis of LIberty according to English |
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Definition
-LAND
-ownership gave men control of their own labor and right to vote
- -->self representation- a "free" man had no one overpowering him. free to speak your own mind
-land was accessible to a much larger % of population in Am- more had freedom |
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Term
| English interest in land and Indians |
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Definition
Eng wanted nothing to do with the Indians
-they wanted to take the land and make it productive- needed to remove Indians all together
-saw that there was an abundance of land; could make it better by using it in "the right ways"
-constant warfare bet. Indians and Eng due to issue of Indian displacement |
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Term
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Definition
interested in searching for quick profits, not settlement- business venture
John Smith- appointed himself leader and put in some organization and leadership which saved them |
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Term
| What made conflict between Indians and English inevitable |
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Definition
-their differing views about land.
-Indians saw land as a communal resource; wholeistic approach; share the wealth; own the "right" to use the land, but not the land itself
-England was an individualistic society; new land in Am would lead to individual freedom/wealth/success. this could make up for the lack of land in England. |
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Term
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Definition
-tobacco- could make much more money now
-Introduced from the West Indies (very popular!)
-required fertile land with water --> spread out settlements on Chesapeake Bay
-get rich quick attitude
-increased demand for field labor
-caused VA society to begin to resemble England's--tiers of wealth based on status/plantations |
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Term
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Definition
anyone who pays their own passage (or another person's) would be awarded with 50 acres in VA
-encouragement for people in order for VA to build up their society/economy |
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Term
| Belief of Puritans about English monarcy and government |
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Definition
-wanted a more complete reformation of the church
-believed the churches should govern themselves (Congregationalism) |
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Term
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Definition
1st governing document of Plymouth colony
Made by the Pilgrims |
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Term
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Definition
Established in 1636 by Roger Williams
Believed in civil things opposed to solely God's teachings |
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Term
| Differences between NE and Chesapeake |
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Definition
New England:
Puritans
No steady cash crop
Equal #s of men and women
Heavy emphasis on being a good person in God's eyes
Family life was extremely important.
Chesapeake:
Cash crops
Virginia Company
No unified church or city life
Many people lived on farms that were spread outà didn’t have same sense of community
Too many single men |
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Term
| Irish Preparation for New World colonization |
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Definition
Dress rehearsal for the English
English strategy was to defeat and subdue the "dangerous" Irish Catholics
Cost of Irish conquest diverted resources from English development in North America |
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Term
| Why did Puritans ban Roger Williams? |
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Definition
Contradicted puritan emphasis on social consensus and cohesion
Believed of everyone should be allowed to worship how they please |
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Term
| Consequences of eviction on English peasants |
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Definition
English people needed work but had no money and no opportunities in England
Indentured themselves to get to America and escape economic misery |
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Term
| Significance of Indentured Servants |
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Definition
Made up large amounts of population in America.
Rarely became un-indentured because their life span was so short
Hoped to be freed or receive a reward if they made it to the end
First run before slaves |
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Term
| English views of Indians relationship to land |
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Definition
English wanted to dispossess Indian land because they thought they used it
unproductively
English thought they would turn it into land that was better used
Didn't understand the thought behind sharing land or collective ownership |
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Term
| Membership in Puritan Church |
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Definition
Puritans thought that the Church of England retained too many elements of Catholicism in rituals and doctrines
· Hatred towards Catholics, and a pride in England’s greatness
· Sermon was central part
· Followed John Calvin’s idea of elect vs. damned
§ Elect people were destined to be saved
§ Damned were not destined to be saved
· Wanted a “city set upon a hill”
· Came in search of liberty and right to worship
· Anyone could worship at church, but to be a full member required demonstrating to church council that one had a genuine religious conversion and experienced divine grace
· Followed John Calvin’s idea of elect vs. damned
o Elect people were destined to be saved
o Damned were not destined to be saved |
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Term
| Puritan view of seperation of Church and State |
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Definition
Pretty close
· Each town collected taxes for support of local church and minister
· Minister could not hold public office
· Each church had own commonwealth whose members rule themselves in doctrine and practical matters |
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Term
| Roger Williams view of church and state |
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Definition
The emphasis on individual interpretation of Bible carried seeds of division and conflict
· Preached in church about absolute freedom of conscience
· People should be allowed to worship in any way and form
· Thought governmental help weakened religious faith |
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Term
| Anne hutchinson's heresay trial |
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Definition
She was very powerful and intelligent woman
· Began to hold meetings in house to discuss sermons from church
· Thought salvation was direct gift from God to the elect and could not be earned
· Thought Puritan teachers were wrong to select saved from damned based on external things
· Accused of antinomianism (unlawful) and sedition (resisting to authority)
· Exiled to Rhode Island and killed by an Indian raid |
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Term
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Definition
Extreme growth of whites in New England
· Pequot’s killed white fur trader so white militia surround Pequot village in Mystic, CT and burned it
o 500 Indians killed
o Killed and sold into slavery
· New England Indians chocked at barbaric attacks
· Whites thought victory was proof of “divine mission” and Providence |
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Term
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Definition
Half-Way covenant of 1662 allowed for the baptisms and second-class membership in congregations for grandchildren of original Puritan settlers
· Puritans faced either inevitable decline of numbers because not everyone was a full church member or degeneration of faith |
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Term
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Definition
Thought equality for all!! (men, women, blacks)
· Liberty was a universal entitlement, not a possession for one person
· Eventually first white group to repudiate slavery
· Penn treated Indians with respect (arranged to legally buy land before settling on it)
o Offered land to displaced Indians
o Chain of Friendship with tribes based on Quaker pacifism (doctrine that all violence is unjustifiable) |
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Term
| Causes of Bacon's Rebellion |
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Definition
· William Berkeley and fellow elites ran corrupt VA government
· As more servants gained freedom, they couldn’t get desirable land and many went to work for planters or moved to frontier
· Heavy taxes on tobacco and prices fell because overproduction reduced prospect
· By 1670 VA poverty rates approached England’s
· Few men had property so they lost their right to vote
Bacon’s Rebellion (he didn’t really have a question about the actually event so here is 33 part b)
o Frontier disputes with Indians grew and settlers wanted them killed
o Berkeley and friends had contracts to build frontier forts and trade with Indians, but this didn’t work for poor white’s demand
o Nathaniel Bacon, resents Berkeley and sets up to become head of a poor white mob who wants Berkeley dead
§ Bacon lead massacre of frontier Indians
§ Berkeley flees to Maryland |
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Term
| Incentives of British Migration |
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Definition
| They all relate back to poor conditions in England. These primarily include overcrowded cities, social crises, and religious persecution. |
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Term
| Why was African slavery attractive to Europeans? |
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Definition
| Africans were accustomed to harsh farm labor, could not easily escape because they were unfamiliar with the land, were easily distinguished as workers because of their skin color, and were immune to many diseases known to Europeans. |
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Term
| Differences between American and African Slavery |
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Definition
| Unlike the white indentured servants or American Indians who did mostly household work for white owners, African slaves did primarily harsh field labor. African slaves were better-suited for the insensitive lifestyle associated with tobacco farms, which is where slavery in the Americas originally became a “norm”. |
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Term
| Rates of slave growth in North America and West Indie |
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Definition
| During the seventeen century, there was a huge increase in slave population in the West Indies despite the fact that white population growth was not significant. In the Chesapeake, however, slave growth was much slower though still increasing. White settlers made a concerted effort to maintain the black population, especially that of free blacks. |
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Term
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Definition
| A system that promotes national power through economy. It encourages commerce and monopolies and calls for more exports than imports for a maximum profit. This system was popularized by the English in the late 1700s in America. |
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Term
| Pennsylvania treatment of Indians |
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Definition
| William Penn created system for buying and selling land that was very fair to the Native Americans. In addition, the Quakers who came with Penn prided themselves on their friendliness, so the settlers and the natives had a surprisingly strong relationship. |
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Term
| Small farmers in 1670s in Virginia |
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Definition
| Most small farmers were farther west where there were more Indians, so they were more prone to attacks. When they asked for protection from the government, they were offered a few stone walls and forts, but they would need to pay higher taxes to pay for them and they would not be especially beneficial. This caused a lot of tension that led to Bacon’s Rebellion. |
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Term
| Consequences of Bacon's Rebellion |
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Definition
| The Virginia government restored voting qualifications, reduced taxes, and wrote harsher anti-Indian laws. They also redefined the freedom dues of indentured servants to include fifty acres of land. |
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Term
| Typical Victim accused of witchcraft |
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Definition
| Accused women were usually middle-aged, outspoken, economically independent, widowed or single in other ways, and/or otherwise often spoke out against society. |
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Term
| Role of Indians in British Imperialism |
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Definition
| Indians learned to play British and French forced against each other, control whites and commerce with them. Land grant given to Ohio company: assigned claims of land to European settlers from East. Saw British as threat, goal to maintain independence. Proclamation Line: no settlement west of Appalachian Mts. but colonists wanted to make use of French land, led to more disputes. Pennsylvania colonists tried to run out Indians, burned village. |
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Term
| Role of North American products and crops in British trade system |
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Definition
| Brought into orbit by British Empire, had raw materials, middle class began to aspire to more luxury goods (tea, coffee, china, crystal, linens, silks, furniture). People, ideas, and goods flowed back and forth (British merchant-consumers-American colonists-African slaves-surviving Indians). Americans shipped farm products, tobacco, rice, furs and timber. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Slavery in Northern colonies |
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Definition
| Far and few between, more household slaves: no large crops that needed farming. |
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Term
| Significance of Republicanism |
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Definition
Republicanism was a democratic republic, government without a monarch, by discussion in public.
Supporting yourself became economic plank |
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Term
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Definition
Liberalism” was focused on the individual, whereas republicanism focused on the public
o John Locke applied the principle of family governance to public governance
§ Individual rights, consent of the governed, right of rebellion against corrupt government = ‘Lockean ideas’
§ Claimed liberty was a universal right while excluding many from its full benefits
o Government formed on mutual agreement among equals
§ = A social contract in which men surrendered the right to self governance, but retained their ‘natural rights’ |
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Term
| Legal Requirements for Suffrage |
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Definition
• More democratic system than in England
• Many people were restricted from voting
– Most women, religious minorities, free blacks, and Native Americans
• Free men could vote
– Free men are those who are not dependent on others to continue in making a living
– 50-80% of the adult white male population fit this description; a high percentage of population could vote |
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Term
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Definition
The American Enlightenment
• European Enlightenment: the scientific method (investigation based on research and experiment) should be applied to political and social life
– Human institutions, authorities and traditions should be judged by reason, and reason alone!
• European religious wars inspired Enlightenment thinkers
• Deism- the belief that God withdrew after creating the earth. The world should now function according to scientific laws.
– The best form of religious devotion is to study nature
– Many American leaders were Deists (Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Jefferson) |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious revival (great awakening) brought out more responsibility for oneself and respect for others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Religious revival (great awakening) brought out more responsibility for oneself and respect for others. |
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Term
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Definition
| Anglican minister who sparked and helped spread the Great Awakening in England and in the North American colonies. His preachings are an example of how religious emotionalism spread in Europe too. He came to America in 1739. Believed in a merciful G-d and that people could save themselves by repenting for their sins. Famous for this deciding question: “Are you saved?!” Critics of the Great Awakening claimed Whitefield and other similar preachers lacked theological training, disrespected the church, and were only causing significant religious disorder in the colonies. Inspired the forming of new churches (Dissenters), which defined religious freedom as a natural right of man. |
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Term
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Definition
| A German-born printer who accused the governor of New York of corruption and “tyranny”. For this, he was arrested and tried for seditious libel. Zenger’s lawyer, Andrew Hamilton challenged the jurors to judge first whether or not the claims against the governor were true, if they were, the jurors’ only option, he said, would be to acquit Zenger. They found him not guilty. Though the law against libel remained intact, the outcome of this case promoted the idea that the printing of the truth should always be permitted. This was the beginning of the popular opinion of freedom of expression. |
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Term
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Definition
| A wealthy reformer who wanted to improve conditions for imprisoned debtors and to abolish slavery. He also led the Georgia Experiment in 1733 with other philanthropists. His goal was to make Georgia a haven for the “worthy poor” of England to enjoy economic opportunities (supported by England in this endeavor because it could act as further protection for SC from the Spanish). Originally banned liquor and slaves, but both bans were eventually repealed, the experiment failed, and Georgia became a mini-South Carolina. |
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Term
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Definition
A Massachusetts theologian who supported the idea that wealth, religion, and freedom went together. He is an example of the British opinion that their country was a “realm of widespread prosperity, individual liberty, the rule of law, and the Protestant faith.” Mather once stated that “there is no Popish nation” for, he also stated, that embracing Protestantism would promote liberty, glory, and wealth.
Played a role in Salem Witch trials |
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Term
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Definition
| Inspired by an uprising of several Native American tribes in Detroit. This Proclamation banned colonial settling any farther west than the Appalachian Mountains, which land was exclusively reserved for the Native Americans. The goal was to stabilize the situation on the colonial frontier (not to protect Indians—just a side affect). This act enraged many for it took away the opportunity for westward expansion that the French’s expulsion had opened up. Thus, many simply ignored the policy and engaged in illegal transactions (even George Washington), which eventually only further exacerbated relations between the Indians and the settlers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The British tried to remove the French from their forts in Pennsylvania (1754), George Washington surrendered to French at Fort Necessity (1754), Braddock’s expedition against Fort Duquesne (1754). Britain and France set off on an intense global struggle for imperial domination (in the prime of globalization). The British had little military success initially so Britain had to keep sending more men and supplies to the colonies. Very inhumane war tactics on all sides (French, British, Native American). British attacked French colonies until they had successfully captured several key French points in 1759. Finally the French were defeated on the Plains of Abraham in Quebec in 1760. |
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Term
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Definition
| Routes developed across the Atlantic Ocean (many different ones). Almost all countries touched by the Atlantic were vital in some sort of triangular trade (i.e. colonial raw goods going to Britain who then sells their goods to Africa and the colonies; many farmers in America provided food for the slaves in the Caribbean; Europeans traded weapons and textiles with African chiefs for slaves; slaves exported to the Caribbean and South America for sugar cultivation). Slave labor played a major part in the growth and prosperity of the British colonies, helped finance the early industrial revolution, and was the center of practically all Atlantic trades. America couldn’t have established itself without slavery. The trades made it so that all were interconnected economically through a very tight network between America, Europe, Africa, and the West Indies. |
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Term
| Legal Status of Free Blacks in Chesapeake |
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Definition
| Planters in the Chesapeake kept creating laws that further enhanced their power over slaves. Violence lay at the heart of the slave system. Race grew to be a very important line of social division. Whites saw free blacks as incredibly dangerous and therefore undesirable. Free blacks lost the right to bear arms and employ white servants, were subjected to special taxes, and could be punished for striking a white person, regardless of context. Free, property-owning blacks were not allowed to vote in VA. VA also required freed slaves to leave the colony, thus ensuring a very small free black population, resulting in the blending of the words free and white. |
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Term
| 18th century slave resistance |
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Definition
| African-Americans were linked by slavery and their ‘dangerous’ desire for liberty. European occupation with wars against Native Americans provided slaves with the perfect opportunity for resistance, resulting in uprisings throughout the British colonies, and many communities of escaped slaves, called ‘maroons’, in Florida, which also fought the British. The Treaty of 1739 recognized the freedom of already escaped slaves as long as they promised to return any fugitives they found thereafter. The Crisis of 1739-41, the Stono Rebellion, and the Panic in New York in 1741 were all results of slave resistance. |
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Term
| British Concept of Liberty |
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Definition
| Fierce political struggles made Britons think they had a unique possession of liberty. all laws and political clauses claimed to be defending the rights of Englishmen. No man, including the king, is above the law |
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Term
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Definition
| Oxymoron: description of British policy towards colonies. The British were preoccupied with their own international affairs and neglected the colonies, leaving them to fend for themselves. this ultimately ended in self- government for America |
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Term
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Definition
| Period of rapid and dramatic religious revival in Anglo- American religious history. Economic growth led to a decline in church attendance, so religious officials and figures encouraged spiritual participation |
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Term
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Definition
| Strong revival to British power, French Canadian economy and population expanded from the Great Lakes to the Mississippi Valley to New Orleans |
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Term
| Cause of British taxation policies |
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Definition
| freely traded goods had to pass through British ports. British taxed the colonies because they could do so without taking money from the assemblies or through the regulation of trade |
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Term
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Definition
| The belief that Parliament not only represented their own district's interests, but those of the whole country |
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Term
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Definition
| Caused when British soldiers competed with the Bostonians for employment. When the soldiers were harassed and heard the word "fire" through a crowd of Americans, they fired and killed 5 Bostonians. A biased and inaccurate description of the incident was retold by Paul Revere--John Adams represented the soldiers and won |
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Term
| Thomas Paine's Common Sense |
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Definition
| Attacked British system rather than listed colonial grievances, exposed the economic benefits of independence, advocated for democratic society, was logical: "There is something absurd in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island" |
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Term
| British advantages in American Revolution |
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Definition
Regulated trade
Stronger, more resources, more experienced |
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Term
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Definition
Left a huge debt because of mass borrowing
Not centralized government
Not ready to handle power |
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Term
| Reasons for French aid to American in American Revolutio |
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Definition
Possibility to regain lost influence
French disliked Great Britain after Seven Years’ War
Supported idea of republicanism |
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Term
| Reason for Cornwallis's Defeat |
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Definition
French and Americans work together to block off city
British didn’t have supplies
Significance of hostility between Great Britain and France |
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Term
| 1763 Treaty of Paris terms |
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Definition
Colonists were not able to purchase territory past the Appalachian territory
American desire for land is a trigger for the revolution |
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Term
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Definition
Any main can join the British army
Slaves, prisoners
First mass emancipation
Caused rebellion in the South à hurt America |
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Term
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Definition
Radicals who saw conflicts and wanted to bring about change
NC- formed militia and protested
SC- claimed misrepresentation and wanted local governments |
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Term
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Definition
Ethan Allen
Militia formed between New York and New Hampshire
Wanted to defend Vermont territory from the British |
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Term
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Definition
Result of Continental Congress
Encouraged domestic growth à prohibited trade with Britain
Committee of Safety
More people became involved in government |
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Term
| Stamp Act effect on concept of liberty |
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Definition
First direct tax
Required all printed materials to have a stamp, which was bought directly from British authorities
Rights as English men were taken away (they were not being taxed by their elected officials, they were considered subjects to Parliament)
Liberty, they insisted, could not be secure where property was "taken away without consent." |
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Term
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Definition
The continental congress authorized local committees of safety to oversee its mandates and to take action against "enemies of American liberty."
Represented a transfer of political power from authorities in Great Britain to one that reflected the will of the people.
Many men participated- largely expanding the "political nation"
It was a time to discuss political issues and exercise political power |
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Term
| John Adam's and George Washington Commision |
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Definition
John Adams nominated George Washington to be the leader of the newly formed Continental Army
Significant because it symbolized a unification between the North and South (Adams was a man from New England nominating a man from Virginia) |
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Term
| Significance of Declaration of Independence |
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Definition
Established the colonies as an independent nation and has had a lasting effect because of it's philosophy that all men are created equal
Guide for the French during their revolution- inspired by Americans |
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Term
| Significance of Battle of Saratoga |
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Definition
Date: October 17, 1777
Place: Saratoga on the Hudson River in New York State
British and Germans vs. Americans
Significance: it convinced the French to become the Americans' allies. The French forces ultimately helped the Americans win the war. |
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Term
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Definition
| In the antebellum ("before war") south, owners of a large farm worked by twenty or more slaves |
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Term
| Thomas Jefferson's proudest accomplishments |
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Definition
Listed on his grave stone:
Author of the declaration of independence
Founder of the university of Virginia
Advocate of religious freedom (he wrote the bill that established religious freedom in Virginia) |
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Term
| AR and failure to end slavery |
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Definition
| Although the new republic modified slavery in the north, it did not get rid of it in the south. |
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Term
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Definition
| The role of women during and after the American Revolution to instill Republican values in their children, such as patriotism and "sacrificing their own needs for the good of their country." Abigail Adams was a strong advocate from republican motherhood |
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Term
| Founding Father that DID NOT own slaves |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Freedom of women in America just as important as for men. Abigail Adams, writing to John Adams - while drafting laws for whole country. |
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Term
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Definition
| Written by Adam Smith (Scottish philosopher) "advocating a free market society as more productive and more beneficial to society. |
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Term
| significance of new state constitutions of AR |
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Definition
| Each country had their own laws but all states were governed by the congress |
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Term
| role of inflation during AR |
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Definition
| Because the government printed and borrowed money during the war, but they had no revenue and were broke after the war. to ease the financial pain, they started taxing people but they couldn't pay it, some of them |
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Term
| policy of u.s. toward native americans |
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Definition
| americans did not want the west in the hands of the indians, and eventually the Treaty of Greenville was created in 1791 and 12 tribes surrendered their land to the federal government. |
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Term
| slave attitude toward freedom |
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Definition
| slaves in the north were emancipated because the constitution didn't specify any particulars about the rights of slaves. slaves in the south continued to live harsh lives in slavery because the south was not as emancipation-friendly as the north. even in the north, thouh, slaves were not acknowledged as part of the american identity. |
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Term
| john adam's political recommendations |
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Definition
| He believed that republicanism is the best way to govern a group of people John Adams |
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