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Joints
Joints part 1
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/06/2010

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Term
Synostosis
Definition
a.k.a. bony joint; an immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become, in effect, a single bone. Bony joints can form by ossification of either fibrous or cartilaginous joints.

EX: infants are born with right and left frontal and mandibular bones, and fuse seamlessly into single bones with age.
Term
Synarthrosis
Definition
a.k.a. fibrous joint, synarthrodial joint; a joint which adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other. There are three kinds: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses.
Term
Sutures
Definition
immovable or only slightly movable fibrous joints that closely bind the bones of the skull to each other; they occur nowhere else. There are three kinds: Serrate, Lap (Squamous), or Plane (butt)
Term
Serrate Suture
Definition
appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by their serrated margins, like pieces of a jigsaw puzzle.

EX: coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures that border the parietal bones.
Term
Lap (Squamous) Suture
Definition
occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges.

EX: squamous suture between the temporal and parietal bones.
Term
Plane Suture
Definition
occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges. The two bones merely border each other.

EX: between the palatine processes of the maxillae in the roof of the mouth.
Term
Gomphosis
Definition
the joint joint attaching a tooth to its socket
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by longer collagenous fibers than in a suture or gomphosis, giving the bones more mobility.

EX: between the shafts of the radius and ulna, which are joined by a broad fibrous sheet called an interosseous membrane.
Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition
a.k.a. Cartilaginous joint, amphiarthrodial joint; joints in which two bones are linked by cartilage.

EX: synchondrosis, symphysis
Term
Synchondrosis
Definition
a joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage.

EX: attachment of the first rib to the sternum by a hyaline costal cartilage.
Term
Symphysis
Definition
two bones are joined by fibrocartilage.

EX: the pubic symphysis, in which the right and left pubic bones are joined by the cartilaginous pubic disc.
Term
Diarthrosis
Definition
a.k.a. synovial joint, diarthrodial joint; the most structurally complex type of joint, very movable.

EX: elbow, knee, knuckles, ankle.
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
fluid rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid, which give it a viscous slippery texture similar to raw egg white; lines the joint (articular) cavity. It nourishes the articular cartilages, removes their wastes, and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction-free.
Term
tendon
Definition
a strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone, most important structure in stabilizing a joint
Term
ligament
Definition
a similar tissue that attaches one bone to another.
Term
Bursa
Definition
a fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between adjacent muscles, where a tendon passes over a bone, or between bone and skin. Bursae cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which its tendon pulls.
Term
Tendon sheaths
Definition
elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon, seen especially in the hand and foot.
Term
Ball-and-socket Join
Definition
one bone has a smooth hemispherical head that fits into a cuplike socket on the other.

EX: the shoulder and the hip joints
Term
Condylar Joint
Definition
a.k.a. Ellipsoid; exhibit an oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary shaped depression on the other.

EX: the radiocarpal joint of the wrist and metacarpophalangeal joints at the bases of the fingers.
Term
Saddle Joints
Definition
both bones have a saddle shaped surface.

EX: trapeziometacarpal joint at the base of the thumb.
Term
Plane joint
Definition
a.k.a. gliding joint; the bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave and convex. The bones slide over each other and have relatively limited movement.
Term
Hinge joint
Definition
monaxial joints moving freely in one plane with very little movement in any other.

EX: elbow, knee
Term
Pivot joints
Definition
monaxial joints in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis.

EX: radioulnar joint at the elbow, atlantoaxial joint between the first two vertebrae
Term
zero position
Definition
when one is standing in anatomical position, each joint is in zero position.
Term
Flexion
Definition
a movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane.
Term
Extension
Definition
a movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position.
Term
Hyperextension
Definition
further extension of a joint beyond the zero position
Term
Abduction
Definition
a movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body.
Term
Adduction
Definition
movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline.
Term
hyperadduct
Definition
when ankles are crossed or hyperadduct the shoulder by clasping hands
Term
hyperabduct
Definition
putting your arm over your head and reaching towards the opposite side
Term
Elevation
Definition
a movement that raises a body part vertically in the front plane
Term
Depression
Definition
lowers a body part in the frontal plane
Term
Protraction
Definition
is the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
Term
Retraction
Definition
a posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
Term
Circumduction
Definition
one end of a appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion.
Term
Rotation
Definition
applied to joints, it is a movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
Term
medial (internal) rotation
Definition
rotating towards your abdomen
Term
lateral (external) rotation
Definition
rotating your arm away from the abdomen
Term
Supination
Definition
palm up
Term
Pronation
Definition
Palm down
Term
Lateral flexion
Definition
tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline
Term
lateral excusion
Definition
moving the mandible side to side.
Term
medial excursion
Definition
moving the mandible back to zero position
Term
Ulnar flexion
Definition
tilting the hand towards the little finger
Term
radial flexion
Definition
tilting the hand towards the thumb.
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
a movement in which the toes are elevated.
Term
Plantar flexion
Definition
movement of the foot so the toes point downward.
Term
Inversion
Definition
foot movement that tips the soles medially
Term
Eversion
Definition
movement that tips the soles laterally
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