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Joints
Upper Limb & Lower Limb
35
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/04/2009

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Cards

Term
types of joints
Definition
continuous (synarthroses), discontinuous (diathroses)
Term
continuous joints
Definition
1. fribrous (syndesmosis)
2. cartilaginous (synchodrosis)
Term
fibrous joint example
Definition
interosseous memb, ligamentum flavum, sutures of the skull, gomphosis
Term
cartilaginous
Definition
primary: hyaline cartilage between bones
secondary: symphysis
Term
discontinuous joints
Definition
articular survaces, articular capsule, joint cavity
Term
synovial joints
Definition
additional features: ligaments, intercalated disks-menisci, articular lip, bursa
restricting rfatures: ligaments, bones, soft tissue
Factors Keeping Cntact between the articular surfaces: muscles, capsular ligaments, surface adhesion, atmospheric pressure
Term
synovial joints: pathology
Definition
degenaration of cartilage
ankylosis
Term
classification of synovial joints
Definition
axes, degree of freedom, number of articular survaces,
shape:
plane, hinge (ginglymus), pivot (trochoid), ellipsoidal, saddle (sellar), ball and socket
fixed joints (amphiarthrosis)
Term
sternoclavicular joint: synovial
Definition
saddle type but acts like ball and socket
3 degrees of freedom
movements: elevation and depression of shoulder, protraction retraction and circumduction
Term
acromioclavicular joint: synovial
Definition
plane joint
moves in combination with stemoclavicular joint
Term
shoulder joint: ball and socket joint
Definition
between head of humerus and glenoid cavity
hyalne cartilage covering the surface
the cavity is enlarged by an articular tip
no storng ligaments
movements: 3 degrees, multi-axial, abduction, adduction, flexion, extension, lateral and medial rotaton and circumduction

dislocation is common: anterior dislocation: injury to axillary nerve
Term
elbow joint
Definition
compound joint:
compsed of humeroradial, humeroulnar and proximal radioulnar joints
movements: flexion, extension supination and pronation
Term
ulnar (medial) collateral ligament injury sprain
Definition
leads to abnormal abduction of the forearm
Term
radial (lateral) collateral ligament injury sprain
Definition
abduction of forearm is disturbed
Term
pulled elbow
Definition
subluxation of the head of the radius
reduction: pressing radial head posteriorly (elbow flexed) then extend and supinate the forearm
Term
elbow joint: humeroradial joint
Definition
ball and socket but doesn't function as so
Term
elbow joint: humeroulnar
Definition
acts as a hinge joint
Term
joints between radius and ulna
Definition
proximal radioulnar joint (pivot)
distal radioulnar joint (pivot)
Term
carpometacarapal joint of the thumb
Definition
saddle joint
carpometacarpan joints are amphithroses (synovial joints; almost no movement)
Term
metacarphophalangeal joints: synovial
Definition
ball and socket in shape but restricted; passive rotation of 50 degrees might be possible
Term
interphalangeal joints: synovial
Definition
hinge joints: coilateral and palmar ligaments
movements: flexion and extension
Term
hip joint
Definition
ball and socket type
nn: sciatic nerve, femoral n, obturator n
the joint has 5 ligaments (four of them are extrascapular: ilio-femoral, ischio-femoral, pubo-femoral, orbicular zone, ligament of the head of the femur
Term
knee joint
Definition
largest joint supporting body weight

side supporting ligaments: colateral igaments & external ligaments
Term
knee joint ligaments, menisch
Definition
ant cruciate lig: prevents backward sliding of femur, produces medial rotation, locks the knee in extension
post cruciate lig: prevents femur from sliding forward
popliteus menisch: flexes the knee, unlocks the knee and laterally rotates the femur on tibia
meniscofemoral ligaments
Term
tears of the menisch:
Definition
logitudinal and transverse during partial flexion and lateral rotation mostly
medial meniscus 20 times more than the lateral one
Term
knee joint pathology
Definition
unhappy triad
during skiing (caught-edge fall)
in football (clipping)
Term
knee joing movements
Definition
phases of knee extension
1. initial phase: rotation in suprameniscal compartment
2. intermediate phase: femur glides forward in inframeniscal compartment
3. terminal phase (screwed home)
medial rotation, light collateral ligaments, obligatory terminal rotation of about 5 degrees
Term
knee joint movements
Definition
flexion: during flexion, fibular collateral ligament is completely relaxed as well as medial collateral ligament and both ACL and PCL are taut
Term
knee joint pathology
Definition
drawer phenomenon
wobbly joint
Term
ankle (talocrural) joint
Definition
hinge joint
plantar flexion 25 degrees
dorsiflexion 35 degrees
ligaments: deltoid l
posterior and anterior talofibular and calcaneofibular lig
Term
ankle sprains
Definition
mostly inversion sprains
treatment RICE
rest, ice, compression, elevate
Term
subtalar & talocalcaneonavicular j
Definition
ball and socket
rotation
walking on slope mediated by movements over these tarsal joint
Term
the axis of henke
Definition
movements of the foot
rotation occurs over this axis
Term
metatarsophalageal j
Definition
ball and socket joints but restricted mobility due to collateral ligaments
Term
interphalangeal j
Definition
hinge joints
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