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Joints
Virginia Tech Anatomy and Physiology
128
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/02/2012

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Term
Joint(Articulation)
Definition
Any point where two bones meet
Term
Arthrology
Definition
The science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction
Term
Kinesiology
Definition
The study of Musculoskeletal moevement
Term
Biomechanics
Definition
Arthrology and Kinesiology - broad variety of movements and mechanical processes in the body, including the physics of blood circulation, respiration, and hearing
Term
Atlanto-occipital joint
Definition
Where the atlas meets the occipital condyles
Term
Glenohumeral joint
Definition
Where the glenoid cavity of thte scapula meets the humerus
Term
Radioulnar joint
Definition
Where the radius meets the ulna
Term
Joint Types
Definition
Bony, Fibrous, Cartilaginous, Synovial
Term
Bony Joint (Synostosis)
Definition
Immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies and they become a single bone
- can form by ossification of wither fibrous or cartilaginous joints
Term
Fibrous Joint (Synarthrosis)
(Synarthrodial Joint)
Definition
Point at which adjacent bones are bond by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone, cross the space between them, and penetrate into the other
- 3 Kinds: Sutures, Gomphoses, and Syndesomoses(motile)
Term
Sutures
Definition
immobile(slightly moveable)fibrous joints that closely bind theb ones of the skull to each other
3 Kinds: Serrate, Lap, Plane
Term
Serrate Sutures
Definition
Appear as wavy lines along which the adjoining bones firmly interlock with each other by hteir serrated margins
(Coronal, Sagittal, Lambdoid)
Term
Lap (squamous) Sutures
Definition
Occur where two bones have overlapping beveled edges - appear relatively smooth nonserrated line
Term
Plane (Butt) Sutures
Definition
Occur where two bones have straight nonoverlapping edges - they border each other instead, "glued" together
-Found between the palatine process of the maxillae in the roof of the mouth
Term
Gomphosis
Definition
The attachment of a tooth to its socket
Term
Periodontal Ligament
(Fibrous)
Definition
Holds teeth firmly in place
Consists of collagen fibers that extend from the bone matrix of tthe jaw into the dental tissue
- Allows the tooth to move or give a little under the stress of chewing
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
Fibrous joint at which two bones are bond by relatively long collagenous fibers
-Found between shafts of the radius and ulna (Fibrous - Interosseous membrane)
-less movable - distal ends of tibia and fibula
Term
Cartilaginous Joint
(Amphiarthrosis)
(Amphiarthrodial Joint)
Definition
Two bones are linked by cartilage
-2 Kinds: Synchondroses & Symphyses
Term
Synchondrosis
Definition
Joint in which the bones are bound by hyaline cartilage
-Ex. temporary joint btwn the epiphysis & diaphysis of a long bone - formed by the cartilage of the epiphyseal plate
-Rib to Sternum by a hyaline costal cartilage
Term
Symphysis
Definition
Two bones are joined by fibrocartilage
-Pubic Symphysis, Intervetebral disc (covered with hyaline cartilage)
Term
Synovial Joint
(Diarthrosis)
(Diarthrodial Joint)
Definition
Most joints in the body both motile and immotile
Some include: Elbow, Knee, Knuckle, Wrist, Ankle
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
A layer of hyaline cartilage (2-3 mm) that covers the articular surfaces in a synovial joint
Term
Joint (ARticular) Cavity
Definition
space seperating articular surfaces of synovial joints - Contains a slippery libricant called synovial fluid
Term
Synovial fluid
Definition
Slippery lubricant - rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid - Nourishes artichular cartilages, removes their wastes and makes movements at synovial joints almost friction free
Term
Joint (Articular) Capsule
Definition
Connective tissue capsule that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid
Term
(Inner Cellular) Synovial Membrane
Definition
Contents of joint capsule
- Fibroblast cells secrete fluid & macrophages remove debris from joint cavity
Term
(Outer) Fibrous Capsule
Definition
Body of joint capsule - Continuous with the periosteum of the adjoining bones
Term
Articular Disc
(Fibrocartilage disc)
Definition
Between Temporomandibular joint, sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint and btwen the ulna & carpal bones
Term
Meniscus
Definition
In the knee, two cartilages extend inward from the left and right but do not entirely cross the joint
Term
Tendon
Definition
A strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
-Usually most important to stabilize a joint
Term
Ligament
Definition
Similar to tendon tissue that attaches one bone to another
Term
Bursa
Definition
Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid where a tendon passes over a bone
- located between adjacent muscles
-Cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints and sometimes modify the direction a tendon pulls
Term
Tendon (Synovial) Sheaths
Definition
Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon
-Hand & Foot - Enable tendons to move more freely in such tight spaces as wrist & ankle
Term
Effort arm
Definition
Portion of a lever from the fulcrum to the point of effort
Fulcrum=Joint - Effort=Muscle
Term
Resistance arm
Definition
Portion of the fulcrum to the point of resistance
Fulcrum=Joint - Resistance=Object
Term
Mechanical Advantage (MA)
Definition
Ratio of Output Force:Input Force
MA=Le/Lr - lengths of E&R arms
MA=1+ lever produces more force
Term
First-Class Lever
Definition
Lever with fulcrum in the middle (EFR)
-Atlanto-occpital joint (muscles of neck pull occipital bone upright)
Term
Second-Class Lever
Definition
Lever has the resistance in the middle (FRE) - Wheelbarrow
-Raise knee, femur pivots on hip joint, quadriceps femoris muscle elevates the tibia
Term
Third-Class Lever
Definition
Effort is applied btwn the fulcrum and resistance (REF) - paddling w/ oar
-Forearm (flex elbow), Btwn ulna &humerus - bicep muscle is E
Term
Range of Motion
Definition
The degrees through which a joint can move
-Knee can flex through an arc of ~135o
DETERMINED BY:
-Articular surface structure
-Str &tautness of ligaments & joint capsules
-Action of the muscles and tendons
Term
Axis of Rotation?
Definition
The perpendicular plane in relation to movement??
Term
Degrees of freedom
(Multiaxial Joint)
Definition
Ability to move in all three anatomical planes
- 3 o of freedom
Term
Monaxial Joints
Definition
Move through one plane
-1 o of freedom
Term
Biaxial Joints
Definition
Move through 2 planes
-2 o of freedom
Term
Ball & Socket Joints
Definition
Multiaxial - one bone has a head that fits into a fossa
-glenohumeral, acetabulum
Term
Condylar (Ellipsoid) Joints
Definition
Oval convex surface on one bone that fits into a complementary-shaped depression on the other
-Radiocarpal Joint, Metacarpophalangeal joint
Term
Saddle Joints
Definition
Both bones have saddle-shaped surfaces
-Trapeziometacarpal joint between the trapezium and metacarpal I
Term
Plane (Gliding) Joints
Definition
Bone surfaces are flat or only slightly concave and convex, the adjacent bones slide over each other and have relativelyt limited movement
-Carpal & Tarsal Bones - articular processes of vertebrae
Term
Hinge Joints
Definition
Essentially monaxial joints - move in one plane
-Elbow, knee, interphalangeal joints
Term
Pivot Joints
Definition
Monaxial - bone spins on its longitudinal axis
-Atlantoaxial joint, Radioulnar joint
Term
Zero Position
Definition
Joints at anatomical position
Term
Flexion
Definition
Movement that decreases a joint angle, usually in the sagittal plane
-elbow, knee, shoulder, hip
Term
Extension
Definition
Movement that straightens a joint and generally returns a body part to the zero position
-straightening elbow, wrist or knee
Term
Hyperextension
Definition
Further extension beyond zero position
Term
Abduction
Definition
Movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body
Term
Adduction
Definition
Movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline
Term
Hyperadduction
Definition
cross legs or phalanges
Term
Hyperabduction
Definition
raise arm slightly over the front/back of the head
Term
Elevation
Definition
Movement that raises a body part vertically in the frontal place
Term
Depression
Definition
Lowers a body part in the same plane
Term
Protraction
Definition
Anterior moevement of a body part in the transverse plane
Term
Retraction
Definition
Posterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane
Term
Circumduction
Definition
One end of an appendage remains fairly stationary while the other end makes a circular motion
Term
Rotation
Definition
Movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
Term
Medial (Internal) Rotation
Definition
Bend elbow, move hand to abdomen - humerus is rotated
Term
Lateral (External) Rotation
Definition
rotating foot - femur rotates
Term
Supination
Definition
Movement that turns the palm to face upward
Term
Pronation
Definition
Movement that turns the palm downward
Term
Lateral Flexion
Definition
Tilting the head or trunk to the right or left of the midline
Term
Right or Left Rotation
Definition
Right - Twisting at the waist or turning of the head
Left - Chest or face turns to the right/left of the forward-facing zero position
Term
Lateral Excursion
Definition
side-to-side movement of the mandible
Term
Medial Excursion
Definition
Movement back to the median, zero position
Term
Ulnar Flexion
Definition
Tilts the hand toward the little finger
Term
Radial Flexion
Definition
Tilts the hand toward the thumb
Term
Radial Abduction
Definition
Abduction of Pallux
-Movement of thumb away from hand
Term
Palmar Abduction
Definition
Moves the thumb away from the palm anteriorly
Term
Opposition
Definition
Movement of the thumb to touch the tip of any of the four fingers
Term
Reposition
Definition
Returning to zero position
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
Movement in which the toes are elevated
Term
Plantar Flexion
Definition
Movement of the foot so the toes point downward
-tiptoes
Term
Inversion
Definition
Foot Movement that tips the soles medially, facing each other
Term
Eversion
Definition
Movement that tips the soles laterally, away from each other
Term
Temporomandibular Joint
Definition
Articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone
-condylar,hinge, &plane joint qualities
Term
Lateral Ligament
Definition
Prevents posterior displacement of the mandible
-on impact, this ligament prevents the condylar process from fracturing the base of the skull
Term
Sphenomandibular Ligament
Definition
Ligament On the medial side of the joint - extends from the sphenoid bone to the ramus of the mandible
Term
Glenohumeral (Humeroscapular) Joint
Definition
Head of the humerus articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula
-Muscles that help stabilize: supraspinatus&infraspinatus, teres minor and subscapularis and (biceps Brachii?
Term
Glenoid Labrum
Definition
Ring of fibrocartilage around the margin of the glenoid cavity
Term
Rotator Cuff
Definition
Fused to the joint capsule on all sides except the inferior
-Formed by the tendons of the muscles aiding the Glenohumeral Joint
Term
Glenohumeral Ligaments
Definition
Ligaments supporting the glenohumeral joint that are Relatively weak and sometimes absent
Term
Coracohumeral Ligament
Definition
Ligament supporting the glenohumeral joint that extend from the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater of the humerus
Term
Transverse Humeral Ligament
Definition
Ligament supporting the Glenohumeral joint which extends from the greater to the lesser tubercle of the humerus & forms a tunnel housing the tendon from the long head of the biceps
Term
Bursae of the Shoulder
Definition
Subdeltoid, Subacromial, Subcoracoid and Subscapular bursae
Term
Humeroulnar Joint
Definition
Trochlea of the humerus joins the trochlear notch of the ulna
-Single Joint capsule
Term
Humeroradial Joint
Definition
Where the Capitulum of the humerus meets the head of the radius
-Single Joint capsule
Term
Olecranon Bursa
Definition
Bursa on the posterior side of the elbow to ease the movement of tendons over the joint
Term
Radial (Lateral) Collateral Ligament and Ulnar (Medial) Collateral Ligament
Definition
Ligaments which restrict the side-to-side motions of the elbow joint
Term
Proximal Radioulnar Joint
Definition
Joint in which the edge of the disclike head of the radius fits into the radial notch of the ulna
Term
Anular Ligament
Definition
Ligament which encircles the radial head and is attached at each end to the ulna
Term
Coxal (hip) Joint
Definition
Joint where the head of the femur inserts into the acetabulum of the hip bone
Term
Acetabular Labrum
Definition
Horseshoe Fibrocartilage ring around acetabulum's rim
Term
Iliofemoral and Pubofemoral Ligaments
Definition
Ligaments that support the coxal joint on the anterior side
Term
Ischiofemoral Ligament
Definition
Ligament that supports the coxal joint on the posterior side
Term
Fovea Capitis
Definition
Pit in the head of the femur for attatchment of Ligamentum teres
Term
Round Ligament (Ligamentum Teres)
Definition
Arises at Fovea Capitis and attaches to the lower margin of the acetabulum
-Contains an artery that supplies blood to the head of the femur
Term
Transverse Acetabular Ligament
Definition
Ligament that bridges a gap in the inferior margin of the acetabular labrum
Term
Tibiofemoral (Knee) Joint
Definition
The largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body - hinge joint
Term
Patellofemoral Joint
Definition
Articulation between the patella &patellar ligament with the femur
-joint capsule only encloses lateral and posterior aspects of the knee joint
Term
Patellar Ligament
Definition
Ligament that covers the anterior aspect of the patella
Term
Lateral and Medial Menisci
Definition
Two C-shaped cartilages in the knee joint cavity - joined by TRANSVERSE LIGAMENT
Term
Transverse Ligament
Definition
Ligament that joins the lateral and medial menisci
Term
Popliteal Region
Definition
Region of the knee supported by a complex array of extracapsular ligaments external to the joint capsule and two intracapsular ligaments within it
Term
Fibular (Lateral) Collateral Ligament and the Tibial (Medial) Collateral Ligament
Definition
Extracapsular ligaments in the popliteal region that prevent the knee from rotating when the joint is extended
Term
Anterior Cruciate Ligament and Posterior Cructiate Ligament
Definition
2 Intracapsular ligaments with synovial membrane folds around them, cross each other in an X shape
-ACL - prevents hyperextension
-PCL - prevents femur from sliding off tibia
Term
Anterior Knee joint Bursae
Definition
Superficial infrapatellar, Suprapatellar, Prepatellar and Deep Infrapatellar
Term
Talocrural (Ankle) Joint
Definition
Joint that includes two articulations - a medial joint between the tibia and talus and a lateral joint betweeen the fibula and talus - in one joint capsule
Term
Anterior and Posterior Tibiofibular Ligaments
Definition
Two ligaments that bind the tibia to the fibula
Term
Medial (Deltoid) Ligament
Definition
Multipart ligament which binds the tibia to the foot on the medial side
Term
Lateral (Collateral) Ligament
Definition
Multipart ligament which binds the fibula to the foot on the lateral side
Term
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon
Definition
Tendon that extends from the calf muscles to the calcanesuss
-Planterflexes the foot and limits dorsiflexion
Term
Bursitis
Definition
Inflammation of a bursa, usually due to overexertion of a joint
Term
Gout
Definition
Hereditary disease, most common in men, in which uric acid crystals accumulate in the joints and irritate the articular cartilage and synovial membrane (Causes gouty arthritis, with swelling, pain, tissue degeneration, and sometimes fusion of the joint)
-Most commonly the hallux
Term
Rheumatism
Definition
Broad term for any pain in the supportive and locomotory organs of the body, including bones, ligaments, tendons and muscles
Term
Sprain
Definition
Torn ligament or tendon, sometimes with damage to a miniscus or other carilage
Term
Strain
Definition
Painful overstretching of a tendon or muscle without serious tissue damage
Term
Synovitis
Definition
Inflammation of a joint capsule, often as a complication of a sprain
Term
Tendinitis
Definition
A form of bursitis in which a tendon sheath is inflamed
Term
Arthritis
Definition
Broad term for pain and inflammation of a joint and embraces more than a hundred different diseases of largely obscure or unknown causes
Term
Patellar Retinacula
Definition
Part of the Quadriceps Femoris tendon that covers the anterior aspect of the knee along with the patellar ligament
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