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Joints
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30
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/10/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Bony Joint
Definition
Synostosis - Immovable joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies. Can form from the ossification of either cartilaginous or fibrous joints. Ex. maxilla, sacrum, epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones.
Term
Fibrous Joint
Definition
Synarthrosis - Bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other. 3 types: sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses.

sutures of the skull, gomphoses holding teeth into skull
interosseous membrane between ulna, radius.
Term
Sutures
Definition
Immovable fibrous joints that hold the bones of the skull together. Found only in the skull.
Term
Gomphoses
Definition
Fibrous joint that holds a tooth in its socket. The tooth is held firmly in place by a fibrous periodontal ligament.
Term
Syndesmoses
Definition
Fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagenous fibers, which allows more mobility. Ex. Less movable = syndesmosis that holds distal ends of tibia and fibula together. More movable = syndesmosis between ulna and radius.
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Amphiarthrosis - Two bones are linked by cartilage. 2 types: synchondroses and symphyses. Ex. joining the ribs to the sternum, pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs.
Term
Synchondrosis
Definition
Cartilaginous joint in which the bones are held together by hyaline cartilage. Ex. Temporary joint between epiphysis and diaphysis of long bones (epiphyseal plate), Ribs to the sternum.
Term
Symphysis
Definition
Cartilaginous joint where the bones are held together by fibrocartilage. Ex. Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis.
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition
A free moving joint in which two bones are separated by a film of slippery synovial fluid that is contained in a joint capsule.
Term
Ball-and-Socket Joints
Definition
Round head fits into a cup shaped socket. Allows the greatest movement: can move in all three planes.
Ex. shoulder and hip.
Term
Hinge Joints
Definition
Joints that have movement in one plane. Essential changes the angle between two bones. Ex. Elbow, knee, interphalangeal.
Term
Pivot Joints
Definition
Allow rotation at the joint. Movement is limited to a single plane. Ex. Radius rotates relative to ulna, atlas rotates relative to the axis.
Term
Condyloid, Saddle, and Gliding joints
Definition
Bones slide across each other in two planes. Ex. Wrist, between thumb/fingers and hand.
Term
Joint Capsule
Definition
Encloses the joint cavity and retains synovial fluid. Consists of two layers.

Fibrous capsule: outer dense connective tissue layer; continuous with periosteum of adjoining bones.

Synovial membrane: inner areolar connective tissue layer; secretes synovial fluid.
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
Lubricant rich in albumin and hyaluronic acid. Nourishes joint cartilages and removes their wastes. Contains phagocytes that clean up tissue debris.
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
Hyaline cartilage on the articular ends of a bones surface. ~2mm thick in young, healthy joints.
Term
Articular Disc
Definition
Shock absorbing cartilage pad that grows inward from the joint capsule in some joints.
Term
Menisci
Definition
C-shaped cartilages in the knee (medial and lateral). Functionally the same as articular discs.
Term
Tendon
Definition
Strip or sheet of tough collagenous connective tissue (dense regular) that attaches muscle to bone.
Term
Ligament
Definition
Collagenous connective tissue (dense regular) that attaches one bone to another.
Term
Bursae
Definition
Fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid located between adjacent muscles or where a tendon passes over a bone. They cushion muscles, help tendons slide more easily over the joints, and sometimes enhance the mechanical effect of a muscle by modifying the direction in which the tendon pulls.
Term
Tendon Sheaths
Definition
Elongated cylindrical bursae wrapped around a tendon.
Term
Describe how exercise keeps articular cartilage healthy.
Definition
Compression of the cartilage removes wastes (ringing out a sponge). Removing the weight that compresses the cartilage allows it to reabsorb synovial fluid (like a sponge soaks up water), bringing in oxygen and nutrients. Articular cartilage deteriorates more quickly without exercise due to a lack of nutrition, oxygen, and waste removal.
Term
What is the advantage of the shallow glenoid cavity in the humeroscapular joint?
Definition
The shallow cavity sacrifices stability for mobility.
Term
What is the importance of the biceps brachii and the rotator cuff?
Definition
They provide stability to the shoulder. The biceps brachii is the main support for holding the humerus into the glenoid cavity. The rotator cuff is made of four muscles that are fused to the joint capsule on all sides except the inferior.
Term
Petallar Ligament
Definition
Encloses the front of the tibiofemoral joint cavity.
Term
Collateral Ligaments
Definition
Medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments – prevent rotation or lateral movement of the knee when the joint is extended.
Term
Cruciate Ligaments
Definition
anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments – inside the joint cavity (the synovial membrane folds around them).
ACL prevents hyperextension, PCL prevents femur from sliding forward and tibia back
Term
Limitations of Range of Motion
Definition

Depends on three factors:

 

Structure of the articulating surfaces of the bones. ex. elbow is limited by trochlear notch and olecranon process of ulna.

 

Tautness of the ligaments and joint capsule. Most important factor limiting mobility. In most joints, range of motion can be extended by stretching ligaments

 

Action of opposing muscles

Term
Arthritis
Definition

Inflammation of a joint. There are many types and causes. 

 

Osteoarthritis – caused by wear and tear damage to articular cartilage over time. Most common form, usually in older people, also in younger people who were hard on joints.

 

Rheumatoid arthritis – caused by an attack of the immune system on the synovial membrane. Immune response produces enzymes that destroy the articular cartilage. Joint begins to ossify and fuse.

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