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Joints of the Skeletal System
Joints
51
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/15/2008

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Term
Fibrous Joints
Definition
Joints in which the connective tissue holding them together contains many collagenous fibers
Term
Syndesmosis
Definition
Joints which are bound by a sheet of dense connective tissue (interosseous membrane) or bundle of dense connective tissue (interosseous ligament)
Term
Suture
Definition
Joints found only between flat bones of the skull and are united by a thin layer of dense connective tissue called a sutural ligament
Term
Gomphosis
Definition
Joint formed by the union of a cone shaped bony process in a bony socket ( ex. peglike root of tooth fastened to a jawbone)
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
Joints connected by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage
Term
Synchondrosis
Definition
Joint in which bands of hyaline cartilage unite the bones (ex. epiphyseal plate connects diaphysis to epiphyses
Term

Symphasis

Definition
Joint in which the articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage, which in turn is attached to a pad of springy fibrocartilage.
Term
Synovial Joint
Definition

Joints that consist of articular cartilage, a joint capsule, and a synovial membrane which secretes synovial fluid.

Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
Layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular ends of the bones of a synovial joint.
Term
Subchondral plate
Definition
Bone beneath articular cartilage
Term
synostosis
Definition
Bony joint
Term
Synarthrotic Joints
Definition
Joints that are immovable
Term
Ampharthrotic Joints
Definition
Slightly moveable joints
Term
Diarthrotic Joints
Definition
Joints that are freely movable
Term
Ball and socket joint
Definition
Joint with a ball shaped head of one bone articulating with a cup shaped socket of another
Term
Condyloid Joint
Definition
Oval shaped condyle of one bone articulates with elliptical cavity of another
Term
Gliding Joint
Definition
Joint whose articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved.
Term
Hinge Joint
Definition
Convex surface of one bone articulates with concave surface of another.
Term
Pivot Joint
Definition
Joint whose cylindrical surface of one bone articulates with ring of bone and ligament
Term
Saddle Joint
Definition
Joint whose articulating surfaces have both concave and convex regions; surface of one bone fits the complementary surface of another
Term
Shoulder, hip
Definition
Examples of ball and socket joints
Term
Joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Definition
Examples of Condyloid joints
Term
Joints between various bones of wrist and ankle
Definition
Examples of gliding joints
Term
Elbow and joints of phalanges
Definition
Examples of hinge joints
Term
Joint between proximal ends of radius and ulna
Definition
Example of a pivot joint
Term
Joint between carpal and metacarpal of thumb
Definition
Example of a saddle joint
Term
Flexion
Definition
Bending parts at a joint so that the angle between them decreases and the parts come closer together (ex. bending the knee)
Term
Extension
Definition
Staightening parts at a joint so that the angle between them increases and the parts move farther apart (ex. straightening the knee)
Term
Hyperextension
Definition
Excess extension of the parts of a joint, beyond the anatomical position (ex. bending the head back beyond the upright position)
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin ( walking on heels)
Term
Plantar flexion
Definition
Movement at the ankle that brings the foot farther from the shin. ( walking or standing on toes)
Term
abduction
Definition
Moving a part away from the midline ( lifting the arm horizontally to form a right angle with the side of the body)
Term
adduction
Definition
Moving a part toward the midline of the body ( returning the arm from the horizontal position to the side of the body)
Term

Rotation

Definition
Moving a part around an axis (twisting the head from side to side)  Medial (internal) rotation is movement toward the midline.  Lateral (external) rotation is movement in the opposite direction.
Term
circumduction
Definition
Moving a part so that its end follows a circular path (moving the finger in a circular motion without moving the hand.)
Term
Supination
Definition
Turning the hand so the palm is upward or facing anteriorly (in anatomical position)
Term
Pronation
Definition
Turning the hand so the palm is downward or facing posteriorly (in anatomical position)
Term
eversion
Definition
Turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces laterally
Term
Inversion
Definition
Turning the foot so that the plantar surface faces medially
Term
Protraction
Definition
Moving a part forward (thrusting the chin forward)
Term

Retraction

Definition
Moving a part backwards (pulling the chin backward)
Term
Elevation
Definition

Raising a part (shrugging the shoulders)

Term
Depression
Definition
Lowering a part (drooping the shoulders)
Term
Joint Capsule
Definition

Outer layer of this largely consists of dense connective tissue whose fibers attach to the periosteum around each bone of the joint near its articular end.

 

The inner layer of consists of shiny vascular lining of loose connective tissue called the synovial membrane.

Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
Moistens and lubricates the smooth cartilaginous surfaces within a joint. Also helps supply articular cartilage with nutrients obtained from the blood vessels of the synovial membrane.
Term
Menisci
Definition

Discs of fibrocartilage located between articular surfaces of some synovial joints.

Term
Bursae
Definition
Fluid filled sacs in some synovial joints that cushion and aid movement of tendons that glide over bony parts or over other tendons.
Term
Coracohumeral ligament
Definition
Connects the coracoid process of the scapula to the greater tubercle of the humerus.
Term
Glenohumeral Ligaments
Definition
Three bands of fibers that extend from the edge of the glenoid cavity to the lesser tubercle and the anatomical neck of the humerus.
Term
Transverse humeral ligament
Definition
Consists of a narrow sheet of connective tissue fibers that runs between the lesser and the greater tubercles of the humerus.  With the intertubercular groove of the humerus, this forms a canal through which the long head of the biceps brachii passes.
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