Definition
Ten Sephirot
Sephirot Tree |
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- 10,000 Jews
- largest community in Europe
- Marranos no longer have to be Marranos
- Rembrandt paints Jewish life
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- countered oral law and houses of study
- Bet Midrash
- adopted conservative, revolutionary position against background of victorious Islam
- believed in personal, simple meaning of Scripture but wrote his own Talmud and book of commandments
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| eastern Jewish community and all the Jews of Europe |
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- Jews blamed because they weren't so affected
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| Jews suspected of stealing children at night and baking them into matzot crackers |
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- converted Jews in Spain
- among highest ranks in society
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- group in modern Ukraine who gained from having Jews among them
- Jews could speak numerous languages and could work as financial advisors
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| conversos could not enter The Society of Jesus (Jesuits) |
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| began persecution against the Jews |
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| Jews suspected of stealing the host at night and burning it |
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- During Spanish Inquisition
- After Magna Carta- "You cannot live among us"
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- anti-Jewish prejudice
- Thomas de Torquemada
- presses campaign against heresy
- Pope Innocent III named Torquemada grand Inquisitor
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- Jewish mysticism
- philisophical
- symbols important and in everything
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- means "received"
- revealed only to small number of saints who delivered it to disciples
- words have no literal meaning, letters are given numerical values
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- wrote Sefer Hakanah
- questions whether commandments still binding
- study of Talmud without understanding inner secrets
- equality of women
- anti-materialistic
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- denied oral law
- "people of the Scripture"
- denied Talmudic thought
- 10th century
- material poverty
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- strange kingdom that converted to Judaism
- "lost tribe"
- determined Judaism was a wise religion
- converted to Islam when under threat of invasion and needed Muslim help
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- martyrdom
- means "in God's name"
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- language of Jewish Spain, Spanish and Hebrew
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- means "iron foundry"
- had to build up instead of out
- more studies of Kaballah
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- Guide for the Perplexed- in Arabic, to harmonize reason and scripture
- wrote in order to explain confusing language in the Talmud
- opposed by the Jewish community
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| Jews that were forced to convert and believed to be practicing Judaism in secret (slang) |
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- nice to Jews at first, says Jews are relatives of Christians
- also wants to convert Jews
- 19 years later he says Christians should take all their property, burns their books and make them into slaves
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| Turkish expansion finds many poor Jewish communities and improves them |
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- mob attacks against Jews
- 1821, Odessa
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- gave Jews some rights and a "protected" status
- second-class citizens
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- Maimonides
- Ben Isma synagogue and Karaite community
- physician for Saladin
- controversial studies and writings
- Nahmanides (Ramban) supports him
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- commentaries on Bible and Talmud
- Tosafists studied his works
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| the reconquering of Spain by the Christians over time |
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| Saadia Gaon - Egypt, Babylonia |
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- joined Academy is Babylonia
- wrote first translation of Hebrew Bible to Arabic
- attempted to balance science and religion
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- Jews from Spain and the Spanish community of Jews
- ultimately the Jews from the Arab World
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| Spinoza - Amsterdam 1600s |
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- Sephardic
- God is everything and everything is determined
- expelled from Jewish community
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- Ottoman Emperor who rebuilds Constantinople
- those from all over (including all Jewish sects) come to the improved city
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- Jewish language found in European Jewish communities
- Hebrew, Aramaic and German dialects
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| York, Worms, Speyer, Mainz |
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- Jews fled from these towns into fortified castles due to persecution
- shortly after Saladin's defeat in Jerusalem in 1187
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- central work of mysticism written in Spain by Moses de Leon
- introduced the Sefirotic Tree
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| none has risen like Moses (Maimonides/Rambam) |
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- famous poet, linguist, philosopher
- Aristotelian philosophy
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- Jews were exempt from cannon law which forbid money-lending
- economy needed it
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- spoke for Jews against converted Jew in disputation
- spent much time in Jerusalem
- studies Kabbalah
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