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Jennyt13 - Guidelines 3
chapter 24-26
107
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/17/2008

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Cards

Term
1. List the components and functions of the digestive tract?
Definition
  • Components: oral cavity, tongue, teeth, pharynx, esophagus, small intestine, large intestine, saliva, stomach, liver, pancreas, rectum NEED FUNCTIONS

  •  Functions: Ingestion, Digestion, Mechanical processing, Secretion, Absorption, Excretion
Term
2a. Define digestion.
Definition
chemical breakdown of food into small organic fragments suitable for absorption.
Term
2b. Define Ingestion.
Definition
Food materials enter the digestive tract through mouth.
Term
3. What are the myenteric plexuses?
Definition
Parasympathetic motor neurons and sympathetic post-gangliotic fibers located between the circular and longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa.
Term
4. Function of the muscalaris mucosa.
Definition

tiny muscle to create local peristalsis

in lamina propria

Term
5. What enzyme will be affected (increased or decreased) if the salivary ducts are blocked?
Definition

Amylase  - will be decreased

Term
6. What are the differences between peristalisis and segmentation?
Definition

PERISTALSIS - is the rhythmic contraction of smooth muscles to propels contents through the digestive tract 

 

SEGMENTATION - does not follow a pattern.  Mixing of contents, does not push materials in any direction

 

 

Term

7. Esophagus: lining, muscle, and function.

Definition
  • LINING : Non Keratinized stratified squamous Epithelium
  • MUSCLE: Upper skeletal muscle Middle: Smooth and skeletal Lower: Smooth
  • FUNCTION: Swallowing
Term
8. Functions of the oral cavity.
Definition
  • Sensory analysis
  • Mechanical processing
  • lubrication (saliva)
  • LIMITED DIGESTION OF CARBOHYDRATES AND LIPIDS - no absorption except lipid-soluble drugs.
Term
9. Mechanism of deglutition: observe the action of the soft palate, esophageal sphincter, larynx, and epiglottis.
Definition
  • soft palate: up
  • esophageal sphincter: open
  • larynx: up
  • epiglottis: closed
Term
10. Functions of the saliva
Definition
  • lubricating
  • moistening dissolving chemicals
  • INITIATING the DIGESTION of Carbohydrate and lipids by lingual amylase and lipase.
Term
11. Functions of the stomach
Definition

Storage and Mechanical breakdown of ingested food.

Disruption of chemical bonds.

Release intrinsic factor.

Chyme=ingested food + glandular secretions

Term
12. What do the parietal cells, the chief cells, and G cells secrete?
Definition
  • parietal cells: Hydrochloric Acid
  • Chief cells: PEPSINOGEN (enzymes)
  • G Cells: GASTRIN (hormones)
Term
13. What is the greater omentum?
Definition
An embryological dorsal mesentery that hangs like an apron from the lateral and inferior border of the stomach.
Term
14. What are the gastric pits?
Definition

Shallow depressions that open onto the gastric surface.

That allows acid out.

Term
15. The enzyme PEPSIN digests__________.
Definition
Protein
Term
16. What are lacteals?
Definition

lymphatic capillary in each villi

(nerve ending in the submucosa) ----------- A lacteal is a lymphatic capillary that absorbs dietary fats in the villi of the small intestine.

Term
17. Function of Plicae and intestinal villi.
Definition

Plicae: to increase surface area

Intestinal Villi: enhance absorption and compress the lacteals.

Term
18. The duodenal ampulla is formed by the fusion of ___________ and_____________.
Definition
pancreatic ducts and common bile ducts
Term
19. What portion of the intestinal has more "plicae circulares"?
Definition
Jejunum
Term
20. What portion of the intestinal contains "peyer's patches"
Definition
Ileum
Term
21A. Roles of the intestinal hormones: SECRETIN,
Definition

 

Secretin: increase bile secretion, decrease gastric motility (reduces hunger).

Term
21B. Roles of the intestinal hormone;  C.C.K.
Definition
C.C.K.: increase production of ome enzymes (pancreatic), relax sphincter ODDI.
Term
21C. Roles of the intestinal hormone;  GASTRIN 
Definition
Gastrin: stimulates parietal cells and increases gastric motility.
Term
21D. Roles of the intestinal hormone;   G.I.P
Definition
G.I.P: (Gastrin Inhibitory Peptide), decreases gastric motility, secreted when lipid, carbs enter to the small intestine.
Term
22. Roles of the enzyme enterokinase.
Definition
To activate a key pancreatic proenzyme, trypsinogen.
Term
23. The exocrine portion of the pancreas is composed of ____________?
Definition
Compound tubuloalveolar and ascini
Term
24. Function of the liver. What is the basic functional unit of the liver?
Definition

Metabolic Regulation and Hematological regulation.

 

 


 

Basic functional unit = lobule

Term
25. Components of the PORTAL AREA.
Definition

1. Hepatic portal vein

2. Hepatic artery branch

3. Small branch of bile duct

Term
26. What are PROENZYMES? What kind of nutrient that they catalyze?
Definition

Inactive enzymes in the pancreas to digest protein only.

They catalyze protein only

Term
27. The gastric phase of the gastric section is triggered by ________________?
Definition
arrival or entry of food
Term
28. Use the following criteria to distinguish GASTROENTERIC REFLEX and ENTEROGASTRIC REFLEX: Role. Promote or demote gastric secretion. Increase or decrease peristalsis activities Stimulate or inhibit gastric secretions PH: Acid or Base triggers the reflexes.
Definition
Term
29. Functions of the large intestine?
Definition

Water absorption

Absorption of Vitamins produced by bacteria

Fecal storage

Term
30. What is TAENIA COLI?
Definition

 

3 separate longitudinal bands of smooth muscle

Term
31. Digestive materials move across the intestinal wall by______________?
Definition

1.Facilitate Diffusion

2. Co-Transport

3.Active Transport

4.Counter Transport

5. Simple Diffusion

Term
32. The enzyme that will digest proteins into polypeptides is_________________?
Definition
pepsin
Term
33. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the ________________?
Definition

oral cavity

Term
34. Products of fat digestion are absorbed by _____________?
Definition
lacteal or lymphatic capillary
Term
35. What is EMULSIFYING?
Definition
breaking down of enzymes
Term
36. The roles of stretch receptors, internal anal sphincter, external anal sphincter during defecation.
Definition

Stretch receptors: 

External anal sphincter: 

Internal anal sphincter:

 

Term
37. What nutrient digestion would be affected when the ducts of the paratid salivary glad is blocked?
Definition
- carbohydrates
Term
38. Roles of GLUCOLYSIS. How many Net ATPs produced?
Definition

- the anaerobic cytoplasmic breakdown of glucose into lactic acid by way of pyruvic acid, with a net gain of 2ATP molecules

Term
39. What is the primary function of the TCA cycle? TCA cycle begins with the formation of a molecule of ______________?
Definition

- gives carbon dioxide / molecule of citric acid

Term
40. What happens on metabolism during STARVATION?
Definition
It slows down.
Term
41. Define LYPOLYSIS. LIPOGENESIS begins with _____________?
Definition

Lypolosis is the breaking down of lipids to fatty acids and glycerol

 

LIPOGENESIS begins with the formation of lipids.

Term
42. Characteristics of ?-OXYDATION
Definition
  • oxidation at second position of carbon chain
  • occurs in mitochondria
  • requires CoA, NAD, FAD
  • Breaks down fatty acid to 2 carbons that enter into TCA cycle
  • Provides lipids to yield more ATP
Term
43. compare Chylomicrons, VLDL, HDL, and LDL.
Definition
  • VLDL = Very Low from the liver
  • HDL = high cholesterol - Transport cholesterol from blood to liver for storage or excretion in the bile.
  • LDL = low - cholresteral 95%
Term
44. What vitamin required in catabolism of Amino Acid?
Definition
Vitamin B6
Term
45. Define TRANSAMINATION and DEAMINATION?
Definition

Transamination:  removal of an amion group of an AA by an enzyme (deaminase) and attachment of this amino group to a keto acid.

 

Deeamination:  removal of an amino group and a hydrogen atom to form a keto acid and ammonium (NH4+) or ammonia (NH3)

Term
46. Where is UREA formed?
Definition
In the liver
Term
47. How will PURINE be metabolized?
Definition
  Purine can not be metabolized.  It can convert to uric acid
Term

48. Compare ABSORPTIVE / POST - ABSORPTIVE STATE:

  1. glucogenesis (formation of gycogen)
  2. Gluconeogenesis (formation of Glucose)
  3. Glucagon ?or ?
  4. Glucagon ?or ?
Definition
Term
49. What kind of nutrient yields the most energy per gram when metabolized?
Definition
Fats/Lipids provides more calories
Term
50a.) What is a balanced diet?
Definition

Gain = Loss (????)

Term
50b.) What is a positive and Negative nitrogen balance?
Definition
Term
51.) List several factors that may influence an individual's BMR:
Definition

BMR=Basal Metaolic Rate.

 

Factors that affect BMR:

  • Age
  • Gender
  • physical conditions
  • body weight
  • genetic differences
Term
52.) Why is protein not a practical source of quick energy?
Definition

The breaking down of protein is not practical because:

  • It's Difficult to break
  • The end products are toxic
  • Provide less energy than lipid
  • breakdown protein will affect homeostsis (Destroys structure proteins)
Term

53.) Function of the Urinary System

Definition
  • Regulation:  BV, BP, Plasma protein, electrolytes:  Na++, K+, Ca++ (synthesis calcitriol)
  • Stabilizing pH by controlling H+ and HCo3- lossin in urine
  • Conservation of nutrients by preventing their secretions in urine
  • Excreting organic waste products
  • Detoxifying of poisons, drugs....
  • Deamination of Amino acids
Term
54a.) What are pyramids?
Definition

conical shapes in the Renal Medulla (contains about 6-18)

 

HAPPY?

Term
54b) What is RENAL SINUS?
Definition
Internal Cavity lined with a fiberous capsule, located in the pelvis
Term
55.) Renal corpuscle is made up by __________ and ________________ .
Definition
  • Bowman's capsule
  • Glomerulus
Term
56. Macula Densa is part of _________________ tubules.
Definition
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)
Term
57.) What is its basic functional unit of the kidney?
Definition
Nephron
Term
58.) What is GLOMERULUS?
Definition
Capillary Network at Bowman's Capsule of the renal capsule. A ball or knot; in the kidneys, a knot of capillaries that projects into the enlarged, proximal end of a nephron; the site of filtration, the first step in the production of urine.
Term
59.) The process of filtration occurs at ____________ and is driven by _____________ force.
Definition
Bowman's Capsule

Hydrostatic Pressure
Term
60. The most selective pores in the filtration membrane are located in the _______________ ?
Definition
PODOCYTES
Term
61. The GFR is controlled by _____________ regulation?
Definition
Autoregulation
Hormonal Regulation
Neural Regulation
Term
62a. What is the primary function of PCT ?
Definition
  1. REABSORPTION
  2. Activereabsorption of Ions
  3. Reabsorption of H20 by Osmosis (due to low solutes in tubular fluid)
  4. Passive reabsorption of ions
Term
62b. What is the primary function of DCT?
Definition
SECRETION
Term
62c. What is the primary function of the LOOP OF HENLE?
Definition
Makes urine more CONCENTRATED
Term
63A What Conditions would cause an increase in the G.F.R? Observe the changes in the following factors:

a.) Afferent and Efferent arterioles
Definition
DIALATE Afferent, CONSTRICT Efferent
Term
63B Observe the changes in the following factors:

b.) Pressure of the Glomerulus
Definition
Pressure INCREASES
Term
63C Observe the changes in the following factors: C.) Filtration
Definition
Filtration - INCREASES
Term
63D Observe the changes in the following factors: D.) Plasma Osmotic Pressure
Definition
DECREASE
Term
64. List steps of urine formation
Definition
FILTRATION
REABSORPTION
SECRETION
Term
65. Function of the Loop Henle
Definition


The main function of this structure is to reabsorb water and ions from the urine.

The turn of renal tubule toward the renal medulla

Term
66. Compare the roles of ascending and descending limbs of the Loop Of Henle.
Definition
ASCENDING LIMB lets Sodium Out

DESCENDING LIMB lets H20 in
Term

67. What process of transport used by renal tubules to move accross the membrane of:

a.) Glucose and Amino Acid (High concentration in the filtrate)

Definition
FACILITATED DIFFUSION
Term

67B. What process of transport used by renal tubules to move accross the membrane of:

b.) Glucose and Amino Acid (LOW concentration in the filtrate)

Definition
COTRANSPORT
Term

67C. What process of transport used by renal tubules to move accross the membrane of:

c.) Chloride and Hydrogen Ions

Definition

Countertransport

Term

67D. What process of transport used by renal tubules to move accross the membrane of:

D.) Sodium / Potassium

Definition

Sodium - Active transport

Term
68. List all of substance and drugs secreted by DCT.
Definition
K - POTASSIUM
H - HYDROGEN
Na - SODIUM
Ammonia
Creatinine
Organic Acids
Term
69. What is the role of the counter current multiplication?
Definition
To provide Hypotonic urine for kidney
Term
70A. What is the renal threshold?
Definition

the plasma concentration/LIMIT the tubule can absorb

 



Term
70B. What is the renal tubular maximum?
Definition
where the substance can't exceed. If too much, the solutes are excreted in urine
Term
71.  What are considered normal urine and normal constituent of urine?
Definition
NORMAL URINE:
pH: 6.0
Color: Amber, Clear, Yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.003 - 1.030
Odor: Vary


NOMAL CONSTITUENT:
Glucose: 0
Blood; none
Bacteria: None
WBC: none
Term
72. Mechanism of micturition reflex
Definition
the process of urination (voluntary control- for the most part)


Use of PELVIC NERVE

Controlled via PUDENDAL NERVE S2

if urine vol > 500ml -> Incontinence
Term
73. Function of the DETRUSOR MUSCLE
Definition
Begins PERISTALSIS
Term
74A. DEFINE: POLYURIA
Definition

the production of excessive amounts of urine.

 

Term
74B. Define: OLIGURIA
Definition
decreased production of urine (small amounts)
Term
74C. Define ANURIA
Definition
absence of production of urine.
Term
75. How is UREA absorbed?
Definition
It is passive reabsorbtion. Urea moves from tubular fluid to peritubular fluid.
Term

Bonus Card #1

When the stomach is empty, the mucosa is thrown into folds called

Definition
rugae
Term

Bonus Card #2

The cephalic phase of gastric activity is directed by

Definition
the CNS.
Term

Bonus Card #3

The intestinal phase

Definition
controls the rate at which chyme enters the intestine.
Term

Bonus #4

The first section of the small intestine is called the...

Definition
duodenum
Term

Bonus #5

The duodenum differs from the rest of the small intestine in that its submucosa contains many __________ that secrete mucus.

Definition
Brunner's glands
Term

Bonus#6

The gastroenteric reflex stimulates motility

Definition
along the entire length of the small intestine.
Term

Bonus #7

The jejunum

Definition
absorbs most nutrients
Term
Sympathetic stimulation
Definition
inhibits submucosal glands.
Term
Pancreatic juice is
Definition
alkaline.
Term
Bile is secreted into narrow channels called __________ between adjacent liver cells.
Definition
canaliculi
Term
The pouches of the colon are called the
Definition
haustra.
Term
The muscles of the external anal sphincter are
Definition
skeletal muscles
Term
Fat soluble vitamins move across the intestinal mucosa by
Definition
diffusion.
Term
Vitamin B12 is absorbed by
Definition
active transport.
Term
Water-soluble vitamins (excluding B12 ) are absorbed by
Definition
diffusion.
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