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JennyT13 Chapters 21-23 (A&P)
Chapters 21-23
83
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/04/2008

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Term
1. What are the characteristics to use to distinguish between an artery and a vein?
Definition
Arteries: have a thick muscular wall,
elasticity. No valves.  Can recoil. 
Passive change of diameter.
Take blood FROM the heart.  They are able to tolerate a pressure change and maintain blood flow.

Veins:  have thinner walls, contain valves.  return blood TO the heart.  Have an interna that permits one way direction of blood flow because of the venous pressure that is less than the force of gravity.
Term
2. What is the difference between continuous and festerated capillaries?
Definition

Continuous:

  • complete endothelium
  • Blood cells and plasma protein cannot pass through
  • Found in all tissues except epithelial and cartilage.
  • Some special endothelial cells of CNS are bound by tight junction to maintain blood-brain barrier.

Fenestrated:

  • incomplete endothelium by pores
  • Pores allow small peptide to pass through
  • found in choroids plexus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, PCT of kidney.
  • Sinusoid: Large pores allowing plasma proteins to pass through (LIVER)
Term
3. What type of blood vessels are responsible for exchange?
Definition
Capilaries
Term
4. List all factors that may affect the blood flow through the circulatory system.
Definition

Blood flow depends on:

  • Blood Pressure.
  • Resistance is high
  • Pressure is low.
  • Resistance
    • Viscocity
    • Turbulance
    • Vascular
Term
5.What factors or conditions increase the blood flow to a tissue?
Definition

Pressure,

 

Resistance

- viscosity

-turbulence

-  vascular

Term
6. List several factors that may increase blood pressure.
Definition
  • water retention
  • salt level is up
  • aldosterone is up (which increases salt)
  • Term
    7. What determines the blood osmotic pressure?
    Definition

     

    25 mm Mercury (Hg) 

     

    Plasma proteins in the molecules in the blood vessel

    Term
    8. When does the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space occur?
    Definition
    When hydrostatic pressure >  osmotic pressure
    Term
    9. Name the main artery which supplies to the brain.
    Definition
    vertebral artery
    Term
    10. Observe the changes (INCREASED or DECREASED) of venous return, cardiac output, stroke volum, respiratory rate during exercise.
    Definition
    Venous Returns - Increase
    Cardiac Output - Increase
    Stroke Volume - Increase
    Resp Rate Dur Exercise - Increase
    Heart Rate Increase
    Term
    11. What are the symptoms of circulatory shock?
    Definition
  •  Low Blood Pressure
  • Low Heart Rate
  • Cyanosis (skin turns Blue)
  • Sweating
  • Term
    12. When does edema most likely occur?
    Definition
    Capillary Damage

     

    Hydrostatic Pressure < Osmotic Pressure 

    Term
    13. Observe the changes (increased or decreased) of BP, HR, ADH, Renin, and blood volume in case of profuse bleeding?
    Definition
    BP, HR, ADH, Renin, and blood volume all increase.
    Term
    14. Which way (main lmphatic system) does the most of the lymph return?
    Definition
    thoracic duct
    Term
    15. Characteristics of the thymus: What is involution? What cell does the thymus produce?
    Definition
    Involution: is when the thymus diminishes or reduces size after puberty by increasing fiber production.

    The thymus produces: T Cells
    (THYMOSIN)
    Term
    16. Spleen: What is the component of RED PULP? WHITE PULP?
    Definition

    Red pulp=red blood cells

     


    White pulp = White blood cells(lymphocytes)

    Term
    17. Characteristics of Special defenses.
    Definition
  • Specificity
  • Versatility
  • Memory
  • Tolerance 
  • Term
    18. Define non-specific and specific immunity.
    Definition

    Non-Specific Immunity: do not distinguish one type of pathogens from another.

     


    Specific: Protects against particular pathogens.

     


    Term
    19. How does the classical pathway of complement fixation occur?
    Definition
    Term
    20A. Define and find some examples of active immunity.
    Definition
    Developes after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response.
    Term
    20B. Define and find some examples of passive immunity
    Definition

    Injection of antibodies from another source.

     

    Naturally - transfer from mother to baby

    Induced - injection from Antibodies - Rabies

    Term
    20C. Define and find some examples of natural passive immunity.
    Definition

    DEFINITION: When immunity is passed down to a fetus by the mother.

    EXAMPLES: mothers antibodies protect baby against infections, either during gestation, or in early infancy.
     

    Term
    20D. Define and find some examples of innate immunity.
    Definition

    DEFINITION:

    Present at birth, genetically determined 

    No relationshionship with previous exposure. 

     

    comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner

    Term

    21A. Compare:


    a. cytotoxic T cells
    b. Helper T cells
    c. Suppressor T cells

    Definition
    Cytotoxic T cells - CD8/Class I
    Helper T cells - CD4/Class II
    Suppressor T cells - CD8/Class I
    Term
    22A. Antibody structures: a. What portion of antibody determines specificity?
    Definition
    Antigen Binding Site
    Term
    22B. Antibody structures: b. What portion of antibody determines antigen-binding site?
    Definition
    variable segment
    Term
    22C. Antibody structures: c. what portion of antibody determins complement-binding site?
    Definition
    C segment
    Term
    23. What is the largest lymphatic tissue collection in the human body?
    Definition
    The Adult Spleen
    Term
    24. What is the difference between lympatic tissue and lympahtic organ?
    Definition

    Tissue has no surrounding fibrous capsule.

     

     

     

    Organs have a fibrous connective capsule.

    Term
    25A. Neutralization
    Definition
    allows andtibodies to bind to site making virus or roxins incapable from binding to the site.
    Term
    25B. Opsonization
    Definition
    An effect of coating an object with antibodies; the attraction and enhancement of phagocytosis.
    Term
    25C. agglutination
    Definition
    The aggrigation of red blood cells due to ineteractions between surface antigens and plasma antibodies.
    Term
    25D. precipitation
    Definition
    formation of insoluable immune complexes.
    Term
    26a. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one can cross the placenta?
    Definition
    IgG
    Term
    26b. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one is involved in allergic reaction?
    Definition
    IgE
    Term
    26c. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one is found in the body secretion?
    Definition
    IgA
    Term
    26d. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one is predominant in the primary immune response?
    Definition
    IgM
    Term
    26e. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one is predominant in the secondary immune response?
    Definition
    IgG
    Term
    27. List all the branches of the thoracic Aorta
    Definition
    Bronchial arteries
  • Esophageal areries
  • Posterior intercostal arteries
  • Term
    28. What is the name of the branch of the abdominal aorta at L4?
    Definition

    Common Iliac 

    Term
    29a. Observe the changes of several factors that increased periperal resistance
    Hematocrit increases or decreases
    Definition
    Hematocrit increases
    Term
    29b. Observe the changes of several factors that increased periperal resistance sympathetic stimulation (Nor-epinephrine) increases or decreases
    Definition
    Sympathetic stimulation increases
    Term
    29c. Observe the changes of several factors that increased periperal resistance Vasodilation or vasoconstriction.
    Definition
    Term
    30. What vein receives blood along with nutrients from the digestive tract?
    Definition
    hepatic portal vein
    Term
    31. Location of baroreceptors/ location of chemoreceptors.
    Definition

     

    Baroreceptors are in the Sinus.

     

     

    Chemoreceptors are in the body.
     

    Term
     

     

     

    32. Observe the changes (increase or decrease) of the following factors in case of hypotention:
    a. Blood volume
    b. Peripheral resistance
    c. Level of aldosterone/blood
    d. Level of ADH/blood
    e. Level of sodium/blood

    Definition
    a. Blood volume decreases
    b. perpher resistance increases
    c.
    d.
    e. sodium decreases
    Term
    33. Functions of the respiratory system
    Definition
  • (Protect) respiratory surface from dehydration
  • (Defend) respiratiory system and other tissues from pathogenic invasion
  • Provides an extensive area for (exchange between air and blood)
  • Produces sound
  • Provides olfactory sensations to the CNS.
  • Term
    34. Functions of the nasal cavity
    Definition
  • Conditions the air
  • warms the mucus
  • humidifies the air
  • Removes dust and other particulate matter  
  • Term
    35. Function of SURFACTANT?
    Definition
    Prevents lung collapse.
    Term
    36. Where are the volcal folds located?
    Definition
    In the Larnyx
    Term
    37. Put the correct order of the respiratory tree. (Primary brocnchi..→)
    Definition
  • trachea
  • main bronchus
  • lobar bronchus
  • segmental bronchus
  • lobular bronchus
  • conducting bronchiole
  • terminal bronchiole
  • respiratory bronchiole
  • alveolar duct
  • alveolar sac
  • alveoulus
  • Term
    38. Function of alveoli.
    Definition
     

    tiny microscopic spaces lined with squamous epithelium where the air that comes in resides for a few seconds

     

    where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the blood and alveolar air.


    Term
    39. Mechanism of air movement into and out of the lung.
    Definition

    diaphragm

     

    into - Pressure

     

    out - Volume

    Term
    40. PO2, PC02 of the arterial blood__________mm
    Definition

    O2 = 100mm

     

    CO2 = 40 mm

     

     

    PCO2 = 45 mm in cell

    Term
    41. What is the most important chemical regulator of respiration?
    Definition

    C02 in blood

    (makes acid) 

    Term
    42. Define Hypercapnea
    Definition
    High level of CO2 in blood
    Term
    44. Function of the Hering-Breuer reflex?
    Definition
    To prevent overexpansion of the lung during forced breathing.
    Term
    45. What symptom most likely occurs if the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is damaged?
    Definition

    Nose Bleed 

    Term
    46. What happens to function of the respirator systme if the phrenic nerve is damaged?
    Definition
    • Unable to breath
    • Inadequate pulmonary ventilation, alveoar ventilation
    not enough air in lungs
    Term
    47a. Define Tidal Volume:
    Definition

    amount of air per cycle in and out

     

     

    500cc 

    Term
    47b. Define Inspiratory reserve volume
    Definition
    IRV - the amount of air that you can take in over and beyond the tidal volume.
    Term
    47c. Expiratory reserve volume
    Definition
    ERV - the amount of air that you can voluntarily expel after you have completed a normal, quiet respiratory cycle.
    Term
    47d. Define Vital capacity
    Definition
    the maximum amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single respiratory cycle.
    Term
    47e. Define external respiration
    Definition
     

    the diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the alveolar capillaries and between the systemic capillaries and peripheral tissues.

     

    from atmosphere 

    Term
    47f. Internal respiration
    Definition
    The diffusion of gases between ineterstitial fluid and cytoplasm.
    Term
    47g. Define pulmonary ventilation.
    Definition
    movement of air in and out of the lungs.
    Term
    48. Quiet breathing: what are active and what are passive?
    Definition
    Active=inhale
    Passive=exhale (relaxation)
    Term
    49. What makes inspiration occurs and what makes expiration occur?
    Definition
    Term
    50. What does the Boyles law state?
    Definition
    gas pressure is inversely or indirectly proportional to volume P=1/V
    Term
    51. What type of T celll does HIV infect?
    Definition
    Helper T Cells
    Term
    52. What are autoantibodies?
    Definition
    They attack normal cells
    Term
    53. What does the skin test determin?
    Definition
    Antigen
    Term
    54. How is oxygen most likely transported by the blood?
    Definition
    Naturally.  by Hemoglobin
    Term
    55a. Define Anoxia
    Definition

    No oxygen 

     

    tissue oxygen deprevation

    Term
    55b. Define Hypoxia.
    Definition
    low tissue oxygen concentration
    Term
    55c. Define Eupnea.
    Definition
    Quiet breathing.. true or normal.
    Term
    During inhalation, is thorasic pressure up or down?
    Definition
    thorasic pressure is up.
    Term
    during exhalation is thorasic pressure up or down?
    Definition
    Thorasic pressure is down.
    Term

    Specificity

     

    (Specific Defenses)

    Definition
  • B&T Cells have their own receptors to bind with particular Antigens
  • B&T Cells respnd to the molecular structure of Ag because the size and shape of Ag determine which lymphocyte will be activated.
  • Term
    21B. Which are responsible for: Cellular Immunity? Humoral Immunity?
    Definition
    - Cytotoxic Cells - B Cells
    Term

     

    21C.  Which are linked to:

     

    Class I HLA?

     

    Class II HLA?

    Definition

     

    - Cytotoxic

     

    - Helper T Cells 

    Term

    VERSATILITY

    Definition
  • B&Tcells can handle with any kind of Ag thanks to large diversity of lymphocytes present in the body and variety of Ab structure
  • Each population, of lymphocytes consist of thousand of cells with receptors that differ from other lymphocyte.
  • When needed may divide to produce more lymphocytes with the same specificity (cloning)
  • Term

    MEMORY

    Definition
    • Active lymphocytes attack pathogen in the initial response
    • Non-Active lymphocytes remember the previous Ag, so in the second exposure they can launch a faster counterattack if pathogens reappear
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