Term
| 1. What are the characteristics to use to distinguish between an artery and a vein? |
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Definition
Arteries: have a thick muscular wall,
elasticity. No valves. Can recoil.
Passive change of diameter.
Take blood FROM the heart. They are able to tolerate a pressure change and maintain blood flow.
Veins: have thinner walls, contain valves. return blood TO the heart. Have an interna that permits one way direction of blood flow because of the venous pressure that is less than the force of gravity. |
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Term
| 2. What is the difference between continuous and festerated capillaries? |
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Definition
Continuous:
- complete endothelium
- Blood cells and plasma protein cannot pass through
- Found in all tissues except epithelial and cartilage.
- Some special endothelial cells of CNS are bound by tight junction to maintain blood-brain barrier.
Fenestrated:
- incomplete endothelium by pores
- Pores allow small peptide to pass through
- found in choroids plexus, pituitary gland, hypothalamus, PCT of kidney.
- Sinusoid: Large pores allowing plasma proteins to pass through (LIVER)
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Term
| 3. What type of blood vessels are responsible for exchange? |
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Definition
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Term
| 4. List all factors that may affect the blood flow through the circulatory system. |
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Definition
Blood flow depends on: - Blood Pressure.
- Resistance is high
- Pressure is low.
- Resistance
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Term
| 5.What factors or conditions increase the blood flow to a tissue? |
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Definition
Pressure, Resistance - viscosity -turbulence - vascular |
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Term
| 6. List several factors that may increase blood pressure. |
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Definition
| water retention salt level is up aldosterone is up (which increases salt) |
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Term
| 7. What determines the blood osmotic pressure? |
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Definition
25 mm Mercury (Hg) Plasma proteins in the molecules in the blood vessel |
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Term
| 8. When does the movement of fluid between capillaries and interstitial space occur? |
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Definition
| When hydrostatic pressure > osmotic pressure |
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Term
| 9. Name the main artery which supplies to the brain. |
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Definition
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Term
| 10. Observe the changes (INCREASED or DECREASED) of venous return, cardiac output, stroke volum, respiratory rate during exercise. |
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Definition
Venous Returns - Increase
Cardiac Output - Increase
Stroke Volume - Increase
Resp Rate Dur Exercise - Increase
Heart Rate Increase |
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Term
| 11. What are the symptoms of circulatory shock? |
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Definition
| Low Blood Pressure Low Heart Rate Cyanosis (skin turns Blue) Sweating |
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Term
| 12. When does edema most likely occur? |
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Definition
| Capillary Damage Hydrostatic Pressure < Osmotic Pressure |
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Term
| 13. Observe the changes (increased or decreased) of BP, HR, ADH, Renin, and blood volume in case of profuse bleeding? |
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Definition
| BP, HR, ADH, Renin, and blood volume all increase. |
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Term
| 14. Which way (main lmphatic system) does the most of the lymph return? |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. Characteristics of the thymus: What is involution? What cell does the thymus produce? |
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Definition
Involution: is when the thymus diminishes or reduces size after puberty by increasing fiber production.
The thymus produces: T Cells (THYMOSIN) |
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Term
| 16. Spleen: What is the component of RED PULP? WHITE PULP? |
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Definition
Red pulp=red blood cells
White pulp = White blood cells(lymphocytes)
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Term
| 17. Characteristics of Special defenses. |
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Definition
| Specificity Versatility Memory Tolerance |
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Term
| 18. Define non-specific and specific immunity. |
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Definition
Non-Specific Immunity: do not distinguish one type of pathogens from another.
Specific: Protects against particular pathogens.
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Term
| 19. How does the classical pathway of complement fixation occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| 20A. Define and find some examples of active immunity. |
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Definition
| Developes after exposure to an antigen as a consequence of the immune response. |
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Term
| 20B. Define and find some examples of passive immunity |
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Definition
Injection of antibodies from another source. Naturally - transfer from mother to baby Induced - injection from Antibodies - Rabies |
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Term
| 20C. Define and find some examples of natural passive immunity. |
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Definition
DEFINITION: When immunity is passed down to a fetus by the mother.
EXAMPLES: mothers antibodies protect baby against infections, either during gestation, or in early infancy. |
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Term
| 20D. Define and find some examples of innate immunity. |
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Definition
DEFINITION: Present at birth, genetically determined No relationshionship with previous exposure. comprises the cells and mechanisms that defend the host from infection by other organisms, in a non-specific manner |
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Term
21A. Compare:
a. cytotoxic T cells
b. Helper T cells
c. Suppressor T cells
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Definition
Cytotoxic T cells - CD8/Class I
Helper T cells - CD4/Class II
Suppressor T cells - CD8/Class I |
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Term
| 22A. Antibody structures: a. What portion of antibody determines specificity? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22B. Antibody structures: b. What portion of antibody determines antigen-binding site? |
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Definition
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Term
| 22C. Antibody structures: c. what portion of antibody determins complement-binding site? |
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Definition
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Term
| 23. What is the largest lymphatic tissue collection in the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| 24. What is the difference between lympatic tissue and lympahtic organ? |
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Definition
Tissue has no surrounding fibrous capsule. Organs have a fibrous connective capsule. |
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Term
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Definition
| allows andtibodies to bind to site making virus or roxins incapable from binding to the site. |
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Term
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Definition
| An effect of coating an object with antibodies; the attraction and enhancement of phagocytosis. |
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Term
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Definition
| The aggrigation of red blood cells due to ineteractions between surface antigens and plasma antibodies. |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of insoluable immune complexes. |
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Term
| 26a. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one can cross the placenta? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26b. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one is involved in allergic reaction? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26c. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one is found in the body secretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26d. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one is predominant in the primary immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| 26e. Immunoglobins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE Which one is predominant in the secondary immune response? |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. List all the branches of the thoracic Aorta |
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Definition
| Bronchial arteries Esophageal areries Posterior intercostal arteries |
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Term
| 28. What is the name of the branch of the abdominal aorta at L4? |
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Definition
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Term
29a. Observe the changes of several factors that increased periperal resistance
Hematocrit increases or decreases |
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Definition
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Term
| 29b. Observe the changes of several factors that increased periperal resistance sympathetic stimulation (Nor-epinephrine) increases or decreases |
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Definition
| Sympathetic stimulation increases |
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Term
| 29c. Observe the changes of several factors that increased periperal resistance Vasodilation or vasoconstriction. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. What vein receives blood along with nutrients from the digestive tract? |
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Definition
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Term
| 31. Location of baroreceptors/ location of chemoreceptors. |
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Definition
Baroreceptors are in the Sinus. Chemoreceptors are in the body.
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Term
| 32. Observe the changes (increase or decrease) of the following factors in case of hypotention:
a. Blood volume
b. Peripheral resistance
c. Level of aldosterone/blood
d. Level of ADH/blood
e. Level of sodium/blood |
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Definition
a. Blood volume decreases
b. perpher resistance increases
c.
d.
e. sodium decreases |
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Term
| 33. Functions of the respiratory system |
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Definition
| (Protect) respiratory surface from dehydration (Defend) respiratiory system and other tissues from pathogenic invasion Provides an extensive area for (exchange between air and blood) Produces sound Provides olfactory sensations to the CNS. |
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Term
| 34. Functions of the nasal cavity |
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Definition
| Conditions the air warms the mucus humidifies the air Removes dust and other particulate matter |
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Term
| 35. Function of SURFACTANT? |
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Definition
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Term
| 36. Where are the volcal folds located? |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. Put the correct order of the respiratory tree. (Primary brocnchi..→) |
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Definition
| trachea main bronchus lobar bronchus segmental bronchus lobular bronchus conducting bronchiole terminal bronchiole respiratory bronchiole alveolar duct alveolar sac alveoulus |
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Term
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Definition
| tiny microscopic spaces lined with squamous epithelium where the air that comes in resides for a few seconds where exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place between the blood and alveolar air.
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Term
| 39. Mechanism of air movement into and out of the lung. |
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Definition
diaphragm into - Pressure out - Volume |
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Term
| 40. PO2, PC02 of the arterial blood__________mm |
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Definition
O2 = 100mm CO2 = 40 mm PCO2 = 45 mm in cell |
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Term
| 41. What is the most important chemical regulator of respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| High level of CO2 in blood |
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Term
| 44. Function of the Hering-Breuer reflex? |
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Definition
| To prevent overexpansion of the lung during forced breathing. |
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Term
| 45. What symptom most likely occurs if the lamina propria of the nasal mucosa is damaged? |
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Definition
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Term
| 46. What happens to function of the respirator systme if the phrenic nerve is damaged? |
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Definition
- Unable to breath
- Inadequate pulmonary ventilation, alveoar ventilation
not enough air in lungs |
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Term
| 47a. Define Tidal Volume: |
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Definition
amount of air per cycle in and out 500cc |
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Term
| 47b. Define Inspiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| IRV - the amount of air that you can take in over and beyond the tidal volume. |
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Term
| 47c. Expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| ERV - the amount of air that you can voluntarily expel after you have completed a normal, quiet respiratory cycle. |
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Term
| 47d. Define Vital capacity |
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Definition
| the maximum amount of air that you can move into or out of your lungs in a single respiratory cycle. |
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Term
| 47e. Define external respiration |
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Definition
| the diffusion of gases between the alveolar air and the alveolar capillaries and between the systemic capillaries and peripheral tissues. from atmosphere |
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Term
| 47f. Internal respiration |
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Definition
| The diffusion of gases between ineterstitial fluid and cytoplasm. |
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Term
| 47g. Define pulmonary ventilation. |
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Definition
| movement of air in and out of the lungs. |
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Term
| 48. Quiet breathing: what are active and what are passive? |
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Definition
Active=inhale
Passive=exhale (relaxation) |
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Term
| 49. What makes inspiration occurs and what makes expiration occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| 50. What does the Boyles law state? |
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Definition
| gas pressure is inversely or indirectly proportional to volume P=1/V |
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Term
| 51. What type of T celll does HIV infect? |
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Definition
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Term
| 52. What are autoantibodies? |
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Definition
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Term
| 53. What does the skin test determin? |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. How is oxygen most likely transported by the blood? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
No oxygen tissue oxygen deprevation |
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Term
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Definition
| low tissue oxygen concentration |
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Term
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Definition
| Quiet breathing.. true or normal. |
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Term
| During inhalation, is thorasic pressure up or down? |
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Definition
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Term
| during exhalation is thorasic pressure up or down? |
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Definition
| Thorasic pressure is down. |
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Term
Specificity (Specific Defenses) |
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Definition
| B&T Cells have their own receptors to bind with particular Antigens B&T Cells respnd to the molecular structure of Ag because the size and shape of Ag determine which lymphocyte will be activated. |
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Term
| 21B. Which are responsible for: Cellular Immunity? Humoral Immunity? |
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Definition
| - Cytotoxic Cells - B Cells |
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Term
21C. Which are linked to: Class I HLA? Class II HLA? |
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Definition
- Cytotoxic - Helper T Cells |
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Term
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Definition
| B&Tcells can handle with any kind of Ag thanks to large diversity of lymphocytes present in the body and variety of Ab structure Each population, of lymphocytes consist of thousand of cells with receptors that differ from other lymphocyte. When needed may divide to produce more lymphocytes with the same specificity (cloning) |
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Term
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Definition
- Active lymphocytes attack pathogen in the initial response
- Non-Active lymphocytes remember the previous Ag, so in the second exposure they can launch a faster counterattack if pathogens reappear
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