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| Japanese Diamyo leader who conquered Japan. Followers founded the Tokugawa Bakufu. Implemented firearms in his warfare and dominated his warring Samurai opponents. |
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| Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1537-1598) |
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| Follower of Oda Nobunaga. Came to power after Nobunaga's death and helped to unify Japan. Restricted sword wearing to Samurai. |
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| Tokugawa Ieyasu (1542-1616) |
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| Officially founded the Tokugawa Bakufu. First Shogun of Japan. Battle of Sekigahara was complete victory for Tokugawa and resulted in the establishing of the Tokugawa Bakufu. |
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| Probably the largest and most important battle in Japanese History. Tokugawa Ieyasu led army of about 160k in battle and completely annihilated his enemy. Established the rule of the Tokugawa. |
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| beginning of the Bakufu. Baku is tent and han is province. This was the early orginization of the Tokugawa shogunate. |
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| name of the different province and daimyo at the time of the Tokugawa ascendence. |
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| members of the Tokugawa shogun family. These were the rulers of the daimyo that were members of the shogun family. |
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| class of daimyo that were hereditary vassals of the Tokugawa. Primarily the class that filled the administrative role of the Tokugawa government. |
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| rulers of daimyo that were considered outsiders by the tokugawa. These were often the familites that had opposed the ascencion of the tokugawa. |
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| Policy of alternate attendance used by the Tokugawa shogun to control the leaders of his daimyo. This meant that the different daimyo would have to return to Edo every other year from his han. This meant that the seperate Daimyo were unable to become powerful in their own han. |
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| Japanese theatre during the Muromachi period. |
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| Japanese theatre during the Muromachi period. |
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| A series of laws decreed by the Tokugawa shogunate to control the Daimyo. These laws limited communication with other Daimyo as well as many other aspects of daimyo life, including restrictions between classes. Formally recognized a class system in Japan. |
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| Commodore of the US Navy that arrived with his "black ships" or steamships and forced open trade with Japan. Promulgated the unequal treaties. |
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| Treaties made between Japan and western powers that made Japan subservient to the wants and desires of those powers. Forced open trade first with US and then with other western powers. These treaties controlled Japan more than they treated with them. |
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| Also referred to as the unequal treaties. Made first with US, then Britain, France, Russia, Netherlands these treaties made japan beholden to the western powers. All other nations forec the "most favored nation" provision on Japan that they had given the US. |
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| Rebellion that occured int he Satsuma region under the leadership of Saigo Takamori against the Meiji leadership. This was the last and most serious of the rebellions in Japan against the leadership and occured in 1877. |
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| "revere the emperor, expel the barbarians" This was a ralying cry of the anti bakufu movement just prior to the Meiji restoration. This became a cry for isolationism, but primarily used to bring down Tokugawa |
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| political activists that worked against the Tokugawa Bakufu during the period of Sonna Joi. These were primarily from Satsuma, Choshu, and Tosa han which were also primary in the establishment of Meiji restoration. |
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| The last of the Tokugawa shoguns. Relinquished power to the emperor at the outset of the Meiji restoration in 1868. First to open relations with western powers and signed unequal treaties. |
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| First leader of the new Imperial government formed by the Meiji Restoration. Set in motion many changes in the Japanese government and succesfully brought Japan into the modern world. |
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| Civil war fought between 1868 and 1869 between remnants of the Tokugawa bakufu and supporters of the new Meiji government. Started primarily with the dissatisfaction of the Bakufu's handling of unequal treaties. |
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| Oath that was promulgated with the rise of the Imperial power over the Tokugawa bakufu. This was an oath that to some extent democratized the Japanese government in that there was not voting among males, only about 1% however. Also renounced the "old ways" of the bakufu. |
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| Foreign advisors hired by the Japanese government to assist in the Modernization of Japan. Hired primarily to obtain transfers of technology into Japan. |
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| "enrich the country, strengthen the military" replaced Sonna Joi and was a primary push of the Meiji leadership. Done to transform Japanese society in an effort to catch up with the western powers. |
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| Mission sent by the Meiji leaders that travelled the world and learned about modernization in the western powers. This mission was key in establishing a Japanese understanding of the modern world. The other primary goal was to renegotiate the unequal treaties with these western powers. |
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| Movement for Freedom and Popular Rights (Jiyūminken undō) |
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| Meiji period political movement that was centered around renegotiation of unequal treaties, establishment of civil rights, as well as elected officials in Japanese government. This happened in the 1870's and 1880's. |
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| advisory committee to the Japanese emperor that helped/made his decisions. In Japan it lasted from roughly 1888 to 1947 but the power of those on the council was well established from the beginning of the Meiji period. |
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| group of revered Japanese leaders prior to the Meiji Restoration that were singled out by the emperor to help in ruling. Powerful men that operated as extraconstitutional advisors for the emperor during the Meiji period and those immediately following. |
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| group of powerful families that controlled/dominated certain industry in the modernization of Japan up through the end of WWII. These families were generally the continuation of previous daimyo families,but became large economic companies. |
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| 1890 Rescript on Education |
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| edict on education that was sent out by the Meiji Emperor in 1890. This was read at all school events and memorized by students. Included a portion pledging allegiance to the emperor and to Japan and aided in the establishment of a national understanding of being Japanese. |
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| national identity, national essence. Politically charged word in japan as it is the basis for the emperors sovereignty. Utilized only in Japan. |
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| series of laws enacted to supress political dissent among the Japanese population. Most drastic of laws passed to supress opposition to Meiji period oligarchy |
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| Southern Manchuria Railway |
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Definition
| Railway operated by Japan in the area of CHina that they controlled after the Russo-Japanese war. This railway would play an important part in Japanese military history as the military army that was in place would later start a war by faking an attack on the railway as a way to legitimize their invasion of Manchuria |
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| Second emperor of the Meiji period. Came to power after the death of emperor meiji. RUled during the great Kanto earthquake. Believed to have been mentally handicapped. |
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| 1923 Great Kantō Earthquake |
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Definition
| enormous eathquake, magnitude 8.3 that lasted sometime between 4 and 10 minutes. Devastated Tokyo, nearly leveling it completely to the ground. Over 100,000 people were killed. |
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| Also emperor Hirohito, emperor during WWII. Took over after his father died in 1926 and ruled until 1989. Not held responsible for any of the travesties of WWII. |
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| part of the Imperial Japanese Army that was responsible for guarding the Southern Manchuria Railroad. Staged an attack on the railroad and invaded manchuria because of it in 1931. |
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| Puppet state in Manchuria established by the Japanese government after the successful invasion of Manchuria. Remained under Japanese control until the end of WWII. |
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| Japanese prime minister throughout the years preceeding WWII. Also important in establishing the tripartite pact and passing laws that allowed the military to ignore the Diet in times of war. |
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| General in the Imperial Japanese Army and prime minister during much of WWII, 41-45. Eventually sentenced to death for war crimes. |
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| Incident in which Japanese soldiers and officers damaged a portion of the Southern Manchuria Railway and claimed it to be the work of the Chinese. Used as a pretext for the invasion of manchuria as well as a withdrawl from the League of Nations. |
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| Marco Polo Bridge Incident (1937) |
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| beginning of an all out Japanese invasion of mainland China and the beginning of the second Sino-japanese war which lasted from 1937-1945. Started after a soldier was late for his post during night manuevers that the Chinese were not made aware of. |
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| Massacre of Chinese civilians in the city of Nanjing after its capture by the Japanese during the second Sino Japanese war. Denied to this day by many Japanese historians, the incident remains a point of contention between Japanese and Chinese relations. Death toll was somewhere in the neighborhood of 260,000. |
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| US port on the Hawaiian Island of Oahu that on December 7th, 1941 was attacked by the Japanese Navy. This marked the beginning of WWII between Japan and the US and allowed for the US to intervene in war torn Europe. |
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| Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers in post world war II japan. Oversaw the US occupation of Japan and protected the emperor during the trials of war criminals after WWII. |
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| Greater East Asia Coprosperity Sphere |
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| Area that comprised, Japan, Manchukuo, and China as well as other southeast asian landholdings. Designed to be a block of asian nations led by japan and free of western powers. |
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| neighborhood association that oversaw and spied on other neighbors in an attempt to control the thought of the Japanese. Also organized as protective forces in other ways, these groups primarily spied on their neighbors and reported suspicious activity. |
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| Japanese cities upon which the US dropped atomic bombs at the end of WWII. August 6th and August 9th respectively. |
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| Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP) |
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| Commander in charge of the Occupation of Japan after WWII. Led by General Douglass MacArthur and oversw the dismantling of the Japanese military and war machine. |
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| actions by the SCAP that reinstated many of the WWII political leaders into power in Japan. Done to fight the growing sentiment and power of the communist movement in Asia. |
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| purging of leaders sympathetic to the Communist cause by the SCAP during US occupation of Japan following WWII. This process was one that was part of the Reverse Course as the US had put many of these people in power and pardoned other political prisoners that were in fact communists. |
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| International Military Tribunal for the Far East |
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| Tribunal held after WWII during which Japanese military and political leaders were put on trial for war crimes committed during WWII. Primary to this was the conviction of Hideki Tojo but conspiciously missing was the trial of the emperor as he was being protected by SCAP. |
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| Establishment that replaced the zaibatsu as a more capitalistic form of economy. Often just a new definition of a previously existing Zaibatsu, the Keiretsu were centered around a bank run by one family that controlled many different companies and parts of the economy. |
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| Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) |
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| One of the most powerful institutions during postwar Japan. put in place in 1949 to control the bank of japan as well as trade with foreign nations. Designed in part to control the Keiretsu regardless of how ineffective it was. |
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| Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) |
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| centre right conservative political party in Japan. Has been in power consistently since the end of WWII and was supported by the SCAP |
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| Self-Defense Forces (Jieitai) |
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| established as a military force in Japan after WWII even though the constitution strictly forbade the establishment of a military. Generally engaged in peace keeping operations since throughout the world |
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| Current emperor of Japan. World last remaining ruling monarch/emperor. Took power in 1989 with the death of Emperor Showa. |
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| peasants, part of the shi-no-ko-sho classism |
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| artisans, part of the shi-no-ko-sho classism |
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| merchants, part of the shi-no-ko-sho classism |
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| outcasts, not classified or included in society under the shi-no-ko-sho classism |
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| group of merchants that began to dominate the country due to their extreme wealth, also these merchants stockpiled rice which was the measure of wealth so that they could control the economy with their stockpiles. |
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| powerful souther Han hostile to the daimyo, Nagasaki was included in this han |
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| Powerful souther Han hostile to the daimyo, hiroshima was included in this |
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| han near tokyo that was hostile to the Bakufu |
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| southern han that was hostile to the bakufu, located in northeastern Kyushu |
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| region of Japan that is located along the southwestern border of the main island and includes Tokyo |
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