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| al-Masjid al-Haram (Makkah/Mecca) |
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| al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Medina) |
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| al-Masjid al-Aqsa (Jerusalem) |
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| al-Haram al-Sharif (Noble Sanctuary) |
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| al-Azhar Mosque and University |
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| (r. 661-680 CE) The first caliph of the Umayyad dynasty who took over after defeating 'Ali. |
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| (r. 680-683 CE) The son of Mu'awiyya and second Umayyad caliph whose army massacred Husayn's supporters at the Battle of Karbala. |
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| A day of remembrance celebrated by Shi'a Muslims as a day of mourning for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali. |
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| Arabic word for the direction a Muslim must face during prayer. |
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| Arabic word meaning "jurisprudence." |
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| Arabic word meaning "occultation" and referring to the Shi'a belief that al-Mahdi, an imam and descent of Muhammad, was born but disappeared and will one day return to fill the world with justice. |
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| Arabic word meaning "read" or "recite." |
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| Arabic word referring to the companions of Muhammad. |
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| Arabic word usually referring to the first Islamic war (656-661 CE), a struggle for the caliphate between 'Ali and Mu'awiyya. |
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| Both refer to the position of leadership of the Muslim community. The imamate is a divine institution while the caliphate is not. |
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| City outside of Baghdad where Battle of Karbala (680 CE) took place, where Yazid's army massacred Husayn and his supporters. |
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| Cousin of Khadija who immediately recognized Muhammad as a prophet after his first revelation. |
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| Sacred law of Islam derived from the Qur'an and the Sunna, the sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. |
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| The angel through whom God gave Muhammad revelations. |
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| The cave near Mecca where Muhammad received his first revelation. |
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| The four "rightly guided" caliphs. |
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| The fourth fundamental source of law which means analogical reasoning and refers to concluding that a new principle falls under a given one based on common essential features. |
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| The stone building allegedly built by Ibrahim and Ishmael towards which Muslims face during prayer. One of the Five Pillars of Islam (Hajj) requires Muslims to visit the Ka'aba at least once during their lifetime. |
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| The theatrical reenactment of the Battle of Karbala. |
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| The third fundmental source of Shari'ah law which refers to the consensus of the community. As the biggest influence on the practice of Islam, it is the final word on the Sunna and the Qur'an but is not infallible. |
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