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Introduction
Basic Intro to Anatomy
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
09/06/2013

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Define Anatomy

and

three subdivisons

Definition

The study of STRUCTURE

 

can be divided into

 

Gross or macroscopic (regional, surface, systemic)

 

Microscopic (cytology- cell study or histology- tissue study)

 

Developmental (embryology)

Term
5 tools for studying Anatomy
Definition

1) Mastery of anatomical terminology

 

2) Observation - viewing & making judgements

 

3) Manipulation - changing things

 

4) Palpation - touching

 

5) Ausculation - listening

Term

Define Physiology

and

subdivisons

Definition

The study of FUNCTION at many levels

 

The subdivisons are based on organ systems

(eg: renal, cardiovascular, etc)

Term

3 tools for studying Physiology

 

Definition

 1) Ability to focus on many levels (systemic, cellular, molecular)

 

2) Basic physical principles (electrical, current, pressure, and movement)

 

3) Basic chemical principles

Term

Principle of Complementaruty between

Anatomy and Physiology

Definition

 

1) They are inseparable

 

2) Function always reflects structure

 

3) What a struture can do depends on its specific form

Term
Levels of Structual Organization
Definition

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ system

Organismal

 

**** know in order from Chemical to Organismal, never out of order

Term
Chemical Level of Structure
Definition
Atoms combine to make molecules
Term

Cellular Stucture level

 

Definition

Molecules come together to form cells

 

Example: Organelle and smooth muscle cells

Term
Tissue Structure Level
Definition

Many similar cells coming together to form tissues

 

example: Smooth muscle tissue

Term
Organ Structure level
Definition

Many types of tissue coming together to form an organ

 

example: smooth muscle tissue, connective tissue, and epithelial tissue form an organ

Term
Organ System structure level
Definition

Many organs working together to form a organ system

 

example: disgestion, respiratory

Term
Organismal structure level
Definition

Many organ systems coming together to form a organism

 

example: human, dog, cat, bird etc

Term
Integumentary System
Definition

External body covering: skin, hair, nails

 

Protects deeper tissue

systhesizes vitamin D

houses cutaneous receptors for pain, pressure etc.

houses glands

Term
Skeletal System
Definition

Protects and supports body organs.

Framework for muscles to cause movement

blood cells form in bones

bones store minerals

Term
muscular system
Definition

Allows munipulation of environment

 

locomotion

facial expression

posture

produces heat

 

Term
Nervous system
Definition

Fast acting control system of body

responds to all changes in body by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Term
Endocrine system
Definition

Glands secrete hormones tha regulate processes suchs as;

growth

reproduction

nurtirent use by cells

Term
Caridovascular system
Definition

Bllod vessels transport blood around body with;

oxygen

carbon dioxde

waste

 

heart pumps system

 

Term
Lymphatic system (immunity)
Definition

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to the blood.

 

filters debris out of system

houses white blood cells

 

ummunity response mounts attack on foreign substances in body

Term
Respiratory system
Definition

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

 

gaseous exchange occurs through walls of airs sacs in lungs

Term
Digestive system
Definition

Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter blood for distribution to body cells

 

waste is removed via feces

Term
Urinary system
Definition

Eliminates nitrogenous waste from body

 

regulates water, electrolytes, and acid-based balance of the blood

Term
Reporduction system
Definition

Male and female organs to produce offspring.

 

testes produce sperm.

ovaries produce egg and hormones

female structures serves to fertilze and develope the fetus

Term
Interrelationship of oragna systems
Definition

All cells depend on organ systems to meet survial needs

 

organ systems work cooperatively to perform lfe functions

 

to maintain homeostasis

 

Term
8 Necessary life functions
Definition

1) boundaries between internal and external environments

2) movement

3)responsiveness

4) digestion

5) metabolism

6)excretion

7) reproduction

8) growth

Term
Bondaries between external and internal environments
Definition

Plasama membrames

 

skin

Term
Movement
Definition

is the contractility (tightening up of muscles)

 

of body parts (skeletal muscle)

 

of substances (cardia or smooth muscle)

Term
Responsiveness
Definition

The ability to respond to stimuli

 

withdrawal reflex

control of breathing rate

Term
Digestion
Definition

breakdown of ingested foods

absorption of simple molecules into the blood

Term
Metabolism
Definition

Chemical reactions that occur in body cells

 

catabolism- breaks down

and

anabolism - builds back up

Term
excretion
Definition

removal of wastes from merabolism and digestion

 

urea

carbon

feces

Term
repreoduction
Definition

cellular divison for growth and repair

 

producing offspring

Term
Growth
Definition
increase in size o body part  or organism
Term
5 survival needs
Definition

1) Nutrients for energy and cell building via fats, carbs, proteins, minerals, etc

2)oxygen essential for engery release (ATP production)

3)Water - most abundant and site of chemical reactions

4) Norm body temp affects the rate of cehmical reaction

5) atomospheric pressure for proper breathing and gas exchange in lungs

Term
Homeostasis
Definition

maintenance of stable internal environment despite continuous outside changes

 

dynamic state of equilibrium

Term
Homeostatic controls
Definition

continuos monitoring and regulation of many factos (variables)

 

nervous and endocrine system accomplish communication via nerve impulses and hormones

Term
3 Components of a honeostasis control mechanism
Definition

receptors- monitor environment and respond to stimuli

 

control center - determines set-point at which variables are maintained , receives imput from receptor, determines response

 

Effector- receives output from control center, gives means to respond, responses acts to reduce or enhance stimulus (feedback)

Term
Negative  feedback
Definition

Response reduces or shuts off original stimulus

 

reg of body temp

 

reg of blood volume by ADH- receptors sense decrease in blood volume control center in hypothalamus stimulates pititary gland to release antidiutretic hormone (ADH), which causes kidneys (effectors) to return more water to blood

Term
Positive Feedback
Definition

Reponse enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus, has cascade or amplifying effect. controls infrequent events.

 

Ex: enhance labor cotractions increased with oxytocin

or

platelet plug formation and clotting

Term
Homeostatic imbalance
Definition

increase risk of disease

 

contributes to chanes associated with aging

 

allows destructive positive feedback to take over

(eg heat failure)

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