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Introduction to the Nervous System
N/A
32
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/03/2014

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Term
Nervous System Functions
Definition
Gather sensory input via sensory receptors
Through integration, processing and interpreting sensory input and decide what action to take
Producing a response or motor output, activating effector organs
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
Integrative and control centers of body
Composed of the brain and spinal cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Definition
Communication lines b/t CNA and rest of body
Composed of all nervous structures outside of brain and spinal cord, such as cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglia (groups on neuron cell bodies not in CNS), and plexuses
Term
Plexuses
Definition
Found in PNS
Intermingling of neuron cell process from ventral rami of different cord levels
No synapses, nerves arranging themselves to form new nerves (eliminates paralysis from damage of nerve)
Term
Nerve
Definition
Collection of nerve axons found in the PNS
Term
Types of Cells in Nervous Tissue
Definition
Neuroglia, Glia, or Supporting Cells (much smaller, support neurons)
Neruons (functional cells, excitable cells)
Term
Neuron Cell Body
Definition
Biosynthetic center of neuron, contains nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, rough ER, and other organelles
If damaged, entire neuron can die
Term
Dendrite
Definition
Neuron Process
Main receptive/input region of neuron
Single neuron can have multiple dendrites
Stimulated by environmental changes
Other neurons can synapse here
Term
Axon/Nerve Fiber
Definition
Neuron Process
Conducting region of neuron, generates action potentials (nerve impulses) and transmit them
One axon per neuron
Term
Nerve Types (Structure)
Definition
Unipolar (1 process, no dendrites)
Bipolar (2 processes, many don't generate action potential)
Multipolar (3+ processes)
Term
Nerve Types (Function)
Definition
Sensory/Afferent Neurons (toward CNS)
Motor/Efferent Neurons (away from CNS)
Interneurons/Association Neurons (between motor and sensory, most common)
Term
Nerve Contents
Definition
Neuron process (axons/fibers)
Myelin
Connective tissue
Blood vessels
Lymphatic vessels
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
Covers individual nerve fibers/axons with or without myelin sheath
Term
Perineurium
Definition
Covers multiple axons/fibers to make fascicles
Term
Epineurium
Definition
Covers multiple fascicles/entire nerve
Term
Spinal Nerves
Definition
31 pairs, formed from the union of a dorsal root (afferent) and a ventral root (efferent); mixed nerve
Innervation of trunk, upper limbs, and lower limbs
Split into dorsal and ventral rami
Term
Cranial Nerves
Definition
Originate at brain, 12 pairs
Innervation of head and neck
Term
Cervical Plexus
Definition
C1-C4
Innervate neck
Term
Brachial Plexus
Definition
C5-T1
Innervate upper limb
Term
Intercostal/Subcostal Nerves
Definition
T1-T12
Wrap around trunk
Innervate lateral and anterior portion of trunk
Term
Lumbar Plexus
Definition
T12-L4
Innervate lower limb
Term
Sacral Plexus
Definition
L4-S4
Innervate lower limb
Term
Types of Neuroglia
Definition
Astrocytes (CNS)
Microglial cells
Epondymal cells
Oligodendrocyte
Schwann cells (PNS)
Satellite cells
Term
Oligodendrocyte
Definition
Produce myelin sheaths in CNS
Term
Schwann Cell
Definition
Produce myelin sheaths in PNS
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
Parts of plasma membrane that wrap around axon
Speed up rate of transmission of action potentials
Term
Axon Terminal
Definition
When signal is received, released neurotransmitter onto other neuron or effector cell
Term
Multipolar Neurons
Definition
3+ neural processes
1 axon, many dendrites
Can be efferent or interneuron
Term
Bipolar Neurons
Definition
2 neural processes
1 axon, 1 dendrite(may go off and split many times)
Most rare
Sensory, part of special sense organs
Term
Unipolar Neurons
Definition
1 neural process
Single process attached to body that branches into axon and dendrites
Sensory neurons, general information
Term
Dorsal Rami
Definition
Mixed nerves, 31
Flip toward back, innervate three inch strip along back called intervertebral processes
Info into CNS, also away from CNS to 3 inch strip
Term
Ventral Rami
Definition
Larger, thicker, 31
Mixed nerve
Info away from CNS
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