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Introduction to the Human Body
BPK 326 Lecture 1
75
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
01/08/2014

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Cards

Term
Functional Anatomy
Definition
The study of structure, its relationship among structures of the body and the function in relation to its structure
Term
Dissection
Definition
Careful identification and examination of structures of the body
Term
An Example of Chemical Level of Structure
Definition
[image]
Term
An Example of Cellular Level
Definition
Smooth muscle cell (Any specific of cell)
Term
An Example of tissue level (Histology)
Definition
Any piece of tissue - collection of cells
Term
An example of organ level
Definition
the stomach (anatomy)
Term
An Example of System level
Definition
Digestive system
Term
An example of Organismal level
Definition
a Whole human :)
Term
Anatomical Possition
Definition

standing up right

- feet flat on the floor 

-arms at the sides

-palms turned forward

Term
What is the plane called when the body is divided from right to left
Definition
medial sagittal plane (midsagittal plane)
Term
What is the parasagittal plane?
Definition
Divides the body into unequal right and left parts. Runs parallel to median sagittal plane
Term
What movement occurs in the medial sagittal or parasagittal planes?
Definition
flexion extention hyperextention
Term
What plane divided the body into front and back? (or anterior and posterior)
Definition
Frontal or Coronal plane
Term
What is the movement allong the Frontal/Coronal plane?
Definition
abduction adduction
Term
What plane divides the body in top and bottom (or superior and inferior)
Definition
Transverse Plane
Term
What movement occurs in the transverse plane?
Definition
protraction/ retraction of the scapula or the mandible
Term
Directional Terms: Superior
Definition

towards the head

ex. Shoulders are superior to the elbow

Term
Directional Terms: Inferior
Definition

away from the head

ex. stomach is inferior to the lungs

Term
Directional Terms: Medial
Definition

towards the midline

ex. the ulna is medial to the radius

ex2.the tibia is medial to the fibula

Term
Directional Terms: Lateral
Definition

Farther away from the midline of the body

ex. the thumb is lateral to the index finger

Term
Directional Terms: superficial
Definition

Close to the surface of the body

ex. The skin is superficial to the muscles

Term
Directional Terms: Deep
Definition

Away from the surface of the body

ex. the bones are deep to the muscles

Term
What is the housing for the brain and spinal cord called?
Definition
cranial vavity and vertebral canal
Term
2 main cavities in the trunk, what are they sperated by?
Definition
Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity separated by diaphragm
Term
What are the organs called in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities called?
Definition
Viscera
Term
What are the 4 cavities loccated w/in the Thoracic Cavity?
Definition
periocardial, 2 plearal and mediastinum cavities
Term
What is part of the pelvic cavity?
Definition
Urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine and reproductive organs
Term
Describe Cartilage
Definition

-Specialized connective tissue

-Cells: chondrocytes, chondroblasts + extracellular matrix compossed of collagen fibers; elastic fibers and groung substances

- NON-Vascular

Term
What is the purpuse of Hyaline Cartilage?
Definition

Flexibility, support

- at joints = decreases friction and absobs shock

 

Term
Where is Hyaline Cartilage loccated?
Definition

Respiratory Passageways and articular cartilage 

- nose, respiratory tracks, laryns, articulating joints in the body(elbows, shoulders, wrists)

Term
What are the features of hyaline cartilage?
Definition

 

Resilient gel like ground substance; chondrocytes and collagen fibrils

Term
Where is Fibrocartilage loccated?
Definition

 

Intervertebral discs, pubic cymphysis, knee (meniscus)

Term
What are are the features of fibrocartilage? and Function?
Definition

Chondrocytes located among bundles of collagen fibers w/in extracellular matrix 

-provides strength and rigidity as well as flexibility and support 

Term
Where is Fibrocartilage found?
Definition
Interverterbral discs, meniscus of the knee, and pubic symphysis
Term
Where is Elastic Cartilage found?
Definition
External Ear, Auditory Tube and Epiglottis
Term
What are the fetures and functions of Elastic Cartilage?
Definition

Features: chondrocytes; ground substance and network of elastic fibers

Functions: maintains shape while provididng strength and elastisity

Term
What are the 3 types of bone cells? Where do they arrise(what's the chain)? What are their functions?
Definition

Osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes

Arise from Osteogenic cell, into osteoblast which matures into an osteocyte

Osteoblasts form bone matrix, 

osteoclasts reabsorb the bone matrix

osteocytes maintain bone tissue

Term
What the biggest difference between cartilage and bone?
Definition
Bone is Vascular
Term
What is bone?
Definition
Specialized connective tissue
Term
What does bone consist of?
Definition
Cells (osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes), collagen fibers, extracellular matrix
Term
What are the functions of bone?
Definition

Protection

Support

Movement

Mineral Storage

Hemopoiesis

Triglyceride Storage

Term
What are the 7 different sections or parts of a bone?
Definition

Epiphyses (2, one on each end)

Diaphysis

Metaphyses (2, one on each end)

Articular Cartilage

Periosteum

Endosteum

Medullary Cavity

Term
What is the Epiphysis?
Definition
The end of a bone - bones have 2 ephyses; proximal and distal epiphysis
Term
What is the Diphysis?
Definition
Shaft of the bone. Surrounds the medullary cavity
Term
What is the Metaphysis?
Definition
It's inbetween the diphysis and the epiphysis, contains a layer of cartilage. In growing bone it's a layer of cartilage which allows for bones to grow = Epiphyseal Plate. In adult bone it is called the epiphyseal line.
Term
On a long bone, What is articular cartilage? What is it's fuction?
Definition
It's a thin layer of hyaline cartilage which lines the epiphysis. Function: reduces friction, absorbs shock
Term
What is the periosteum? What are its functions?
Definition

It's the connective tissue covering of bone. 

Functions: 

-contains cells: allows bone growth

-carries blood vessels: nourishes bone tissue

-gives attachment to ligaments and tendons

Term
What is the endosteum?
Definition
Part of the bone, which lines the medullary cavity. Consist of cells allows for bone growth.
Term
What is the medullary cavity?
Definition
space within the shaft or diaphysis of a long bone. contains either yellow or red marrow.
Term
What is the biggest difference between the medullary cavity of adults and childern?
Definition
In adults it's filled with yellow marrow = triglycerides. In children it's filled with red marrow = Hemopoiesis (production of blood cells)
Term
What is hemopoiesis?
Definition
Production of Blood cells
Term
What is the term for production of Blood cells?
Definition
HEMOPOIESIS
Term
What is the organic material of bones? What is it's function?
Definition

Cells: osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes. Collagen fibers, ground substances. 

Function: flexibility, tensile strength

Term

How would one remove all the organic material of bone? What happens to the bone?

What is a real life example of this?

Definition

Remove w/ heat. Bone becomes brittle. 

Ex. Elderly, decrease in number of osteocytes, bones become more brittle and fracture easily.

Term
What is the inorganic material in bone? What is its function?
Definition

Minerals; calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate = hydroxyapatite crystals

Function: strength and rigidity

Term

How would one remove all the inorganic material of bone? What would happen to the structure of the bone? 

What is a real life example of this?

Definition

Remove with Acid. Bone becomes supple (flexible). 

Ex. Childrens' bones = increase number of active osteocytes = greenstick fractures.

Term
What is a Green Stick Fracture?
Definition
Partial Fracture in which one side of the bone is broken the other side of the bone is bent.
Term
What is a compound Open fracture?
Definition
When the bone breaks, broken end protrudes through the skin.
Term
What are the 2 types of bone structure?
Definition
Compact bone and Spongy bone
Term
Describe compact bone
Definition

Dense, solid material, deep to the periosteum

Thickest in diaphysis(shaft)

Thinest in epiphysis

Consists of Osteons or Haversian Systems 

Term
Describe Osteons
Definition
Concentric lamellae of extracellular matrix and osteocytes arranges around a central havesian canal. The central Havesian canal contains the blood vessel and lymph vessel.
Term
What another name for an osteon
Definition
Haversian system
Term
What is the function of osteons?
Definition
resist torsional forces - stresses of weight bearing and movement
Term
Where is spongy bone loccated in a long bone?
Definition
in the epiphysis.
Term
What does spongy bone consist of?
Definition
Irregularly arranged lamellae in form of trabeculae - oriented allong the lines of stress.
Term
What is loccated bewteen the trabeculae of spongy bone?
Definition
Red marrow.
Term
What is the function of Spongy bone?
Definition
resist compression forces and hemopoiesis.
Term
What is osteoporosis? Why does it occur?
Definition
Porous Bone. Occurs because bone reabsoption outpaces bone deposition.
Term
What are the differnt types of arteries in long bones?
Definition

Periosteal 

Nutrient

Metaphyseal

Epiphyseal 

Term
What is the main artery in long bones?
Definition
Nutrient Artery
Term
What are the 5 different types of bone found in the human body? give examples of each.
Definition

Long bone = humerous

Short bone = trapeziod

Flat bone = sternum

Irregular bone = vertabra

Sesamoid bone = patella

 

Term
How many bones are there in the human body?
Definition
206
Term
What is the division of the human skeleton?
Definition
Axial skeleton and Appendicular Skeleton
Term
What is included in the Axial Skeleton? What the function of the axial Skeleton?
Definition

Skull, vertebral collum, thoracic cage

Function: protection of the spinal cord, brain, lungs and heart + support

Term

What is part of the appendicular skeleton?

What the function of the appendicular skeleton? 

Definition

All the limb bones + clavicles and hip bones. 

Function: mobility

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