Term
| What forms the most tears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle is most involved in closing the eye? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What constitutes a closed orbit? |
|
Definition
| union of zygomatic and frontal bones |
|
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Term
| What muscle does not allow the eye to open when swollen? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What muscle is not associated with adnexa in a ruminant? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What structure is not part of equine adnexa? |
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Definition
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Term
| Swollen irises and hazy anterior chambers are indicative of? |
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Definition
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Term
What is it called when the iris constricts after shining a light to the eye?
What muscles are involved? |
|
Definition
miosis
sphincter muscles of iris contract
dilator muscles relax
parasympathetic control |
|
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Term
| What is the term for indirect pupillary response? |
|
Definition
| consensual pupillary light response |
|
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Term
| T/F: Testing for pupillary LIGHT response is a good test for vision. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is mydriasis? What muscles are involved? |
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Definition
| pupillary dilation. dilator muscles contract, constrictor muscles relax. sympathetic control. |
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Term
| What properties must a topical drug have to be used in the eye? |
|
Definition
| lipid soluble and hydrophilic. |
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|
Term
| What are the black bodies along the papillary region in herbivores called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of corpora nigra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are opacities on the lens called? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What physiological changes occur during cataract formation? |
|
Definition
GSH, ATPase, and crystallins lower
albuminoids increase |
|
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Term
| Use of a hand lens and light source to look at the back of the eye is called? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is not found in the equine fundus? |
|
Definition
| large arterioles in the inner retina |
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Term
| What type of retinal vascular pattern is seen in equine species? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Do herbivores have a large or small blind spot? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What structure is visible in the iridiocorneal angle? |
|
Definition
| corneoscleral trabecular network |
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Term
|
Definition
| aqueous humor drains to maintain proper IOP |
|
|
Term
| What are the components of the ICA and what do they do? |
|
Definition
corneoscleral trabecular meshwork: filter
uveal trabecular meshwork:holding tank
angular aqueous plexus: after filtration, traves here before entering blood
pectinate ligaments: attaches base of iris to limbus and helps ICA open |
|
|
Term
| What is IOP? How is it generated? |
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Definition
| AH pressure. constant when AH production=removal at ICA |
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Term
Do IOPs increase or decrease as the day goes on?
Why? |
|
Definition
decrease
ciliary processes more active at night |
|
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Term
| What retinal vascular pattern do felines have? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where on the cornea are pain and pressure sensors located? |
|
Definition
pain: anterior
pressure: deeper |
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Term
| Which CN innervates the cornea? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which tissue associated with the eyelids is only found in the third eyelid? |
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Definition
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Term
| What muscle is responsible for movement of the third eyelid? What CN innervates it? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is another name for daytime vision? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the third eyelid located in birds? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What type of vascular pattern is associated with a bird fundus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The nuclei of photoreceptors of scotopic and photopic vision are found in what layer of the retina? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is not a function of ciliary body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
Spectacle refers to?
What animal has them? |
|
Definition
transparent and fused eyelids
snake |
|
|
Term
| What is Horner's syndrome? |
|
Definition
droopy eyelids
CN VII affected |
|
|
Term
| What muscles does the abducens nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| lateral rectus, retractor oculi |
|
|
Term
| Birds usually blink with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure produces mucin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the serous layer of tears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does atropine not work for mydriasis in birds? |
|
Definition
| iridial muscles in birds are skeletal muscle, so need a paralytic |
|
|
Term
| What structure is found in a bird lens that is not in a mammal lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be seen when examining a bird fundus? |
|
Definition
| retina, optic nerve, pecten, choroid |
|
|
Term
| The cornea and sclera are both? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vascular pattern does a rabbit have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristics comprise scotopic vision? |
|
Definition
| shape, peripheral vision, low light, movement |
|
|
Term
| What characteristics comprise photopic vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the tapetum lucidum? What is it made of? |
|
Definition
dorsomedial in cats
cellular in carnivores
fibrous in herbivores |
|
|
Term
| Where are photoreceptors located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the retina is involved in collecting and transmitting signals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What does the pars plicata consist of?
What is its function? |
|
Definition
ciliary processes or folds
production of AH |
|
|
Term
| Most insoluble protein is located in which part of the normal lens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Region responsible for dehydration in a normal lens is? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do pigs have a tapetum lucidum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is part of the anterior uvea? |
|
Definition
| ciliary body, pars plicata, iris, iridiocorneal angle |
|
|
Term
| Which tissue establishes the blood-aqueous border? |
|
Definition
| ciliary process epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathway being tested in PLR? |
|
Definition
| retina-optic nerve-optic chiasma-both optic tracts-some branches to EW nucleus- oculomotor nerve-iridial sphincter |
|
|
Term
| Dark bodies along the edge of the pupil are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What adaptations do herbivores have? |
|
Definition
closed orbit-increased field of view
scotopic vision - sensitivity to movement
long horizontal pupil - wide area of view
eyes on side of head - fewer blind spots |
|
|
Term
| What is discoloration of lens due to? |
|
Definition
| aging nucleus (insoluble protein) |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal horse IOP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the hyaloid artery become? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen is in the vitreous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the choroidal region that interfaces with the lamina fusca? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the last barrier in the cornea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the centralmost region of the lens called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristics make the nucleus of the lens different from the rest? |
|
Definition
harder, less elastic due to compaction of older lns fibers in the area
also has a larger amount of insoluble fibers |
|
|
Term
| When the lens loses transparency, what event occurs? |
|
Definition
| crystalline proteins are converted to albuminoids as at a faster than normal pace |
|
|
Term
| What is the term for all structures that can be seen on the back of the eye when looked in from the front? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the third eyelid contain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for corpora nigra? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role does the corpora nigra play? |
|
Definition
| sun visor to block light on the dorsal portion of the iris (herbivores cant close pupil much so this helps filter light) |
|
|
Term
| Will you ever see granula iridica in the cat or dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cells initiate photopic vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strong photopic ability relates to what type of behavior? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of cells make up the anterior epithelium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cellular replacement of the anterior epithelium is carried out by what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 5 similarities between the cornea and lens? |
|
Definition
dehydration
NaK ATPase pumps
nutrients from AH
transparent
avascular |
|
|
Term
| What are differences between the cornea and lens? |
|
Definition
lens is cellular, cornea acellular
lens anaerobic, cornea aerobic |
|
|
Term
| What is the condition in which one eye is larger? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ciliary processes of ciliary body in pars plicata |
|
|
Term
| What path does AH take after formed? |
|
Definition
| posterior to anterior chamber and through the pupil, then flows through iridiocorneal angle |
|
|
Term
| T/F: AH is high in ascorbic acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: AH is low in protein |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What comprises the blood-aqueous barrier? |
|
Definition
capillary body
selectively permeable shown by a difference in makeup between the plasma and AH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| passive and active diffusion |
|
|
Term
| How is the conjunctiva related to the immune system? |
|
Definition
| provides the closest contact of immune system to the eye |
|
|
Term
| What is the structure associated with the optic nerve in birds called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure is the ossicle associated with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are adjacent extraocular tissues that support the eye referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| goblet cells of conjunctival gland |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 antimicrobial components of tears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does paurangiotic vasculature look like? |
|
Definition
| concentrated and does not extend past the optic nerve head |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| redirection of eyelashes towards the eye |
|
|
Term
| Which eyelid is more developed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the temporal bone included in the canine orbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ciliary process, ciliary musculature, iris, suprachoroidea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| breakdown of blood-aqueous barrier |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells are most active in the production of AH? |
|
Definition
| nonpigmented epithelium of the ciliary process |
|
|
Term
| What is not normally seen in a fundus evaluation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the retina is not associated with photoreceptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is measurement of IOP called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does IOP change during the day in rabbit? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which parts of the lens are first and last formed? |
|
Definition
first - embryonal nuceus
last - outer cortex |
|
|
Term
What is the area centralis?
In what species is it very developed? |
|
Definition
region of the retina with high cone density and low rod density
horse |
|
|
Term
| What region of the eye is the tapetum found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two basement membranes that grow with age? |
|
Definition
| descemets and anterior epithelium of lens |
|
|
Term
| What makes the oily layer in the tears? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a test for functional vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What percentage of nerve fibers from the retinal ganglion cells travel to the visual cortex? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 4 characteristics of the limbus? |
|
Definition
vascular
pigmented
has anterior epithelium
consists of dens regular and dense irregular connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| What structure is most similar between a mammalian and bird eye? |
|
Definition
cornea
both as avascular, innervated, and are nourished by AH |
|
|
Term
| What is different about the avian crystalline lens? |
|
Definition
has annular pad
has better lenticular accomodation |
|
|
Term
| What structure in a bird is pleated, pigmented, and extends internally into the vitreous body from the head of the optic nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you test palpebral reflex? |
|
Definition
| touch area around eye and watch for muscles twitching |
|
|
Term
| T/F: The corneal and palpebral reflex use the same nerve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What CN does the menace test test for? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is centrally located discoloration in the lens called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What part of the eye is not nourished by AH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell types are part of the inner nuclear layer (INL)? |
|
Definition
| muller, bipolar, horizontal, amacrine cells |
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