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Introduction to Anatomy Ch.1
N/A
250
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
08/27/2008

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Term
ANA
Definition
up, apart --[anatomy]
Term
CHORD
Definition
a sting --[chordates]
Term
SECT
Definition
to cut --[dissection]
Term
HETERO
Definition
other, different --[heterotrophy]
Term
HOMO
Definition
man --[Homo sapiens]
Term
MEROS
Definition
part --[monomer]
Term
META
Definition
between, after --[metamerism]
Term
MONO
Definition
single, alone --[monomorphic]
Term
MORPH
Definition
shape --[morphology]
Term
NOTO
Definition
back --[notochord]
Term
LOGO
Definition
discourse --[splanchnology]
Term
PALP
Definition
touch, feel --[palpation]
Term
PERI
Definition
around --[peripheral]
Term
PHYSIS
Definition
nature --[physiology]
Term
POLY
Definition
many --[polysaccharide]
Term
SAGITTA
Definition
arrow --[sagittal]
Term
SAPIENS
Definition
knowing, wise --[Homo sapiens]
Term
SERUM
Definition
whey --[serous membrane]
Term
SONUS
Definition
sound --[ultrasonography]
Term
STEREO
Definition
three-dimensional --[stereoscopic]
Term
SUB
Definition
under, below --[subatomic]
Term
TOME
Definition
cut --[anatomy]
Term
TROPHEIN
Definition
to nourish --[autotrophic]
Term
ULTRA
Definition
beyond, excessive --[ultrastructural]
Term
ZYGON
Definition
a yoke --[zygomorphic]
Term
Anatomy
Definition
[to cut apart]. Used to study the body and its parts.
Term
Physiology
Definition
concerned primarily with body function
Term
Morphology
Definition
(morph = form, ology = the study of)
Term
Gross Anatomy
Definition
Body structures large enough to study without magnification.
Term
Microscopic Anatomy
Definition
Structures requiring magnification up to about 1000 times.
Term
Ultrastructural Anatomy
Definition
Structures studied with magnification of over one thousand times.
Term
Developmental Anatomy
Definition
Structural changes from fertilization to maturity.
Term
Radiological anatomy
Definition
Images of body structures using x-ray techniques.
Term
Functional Anatomy
Definition
The interrelationships and mechanics of body parts.
Term
Clinical Anatomy
Definition
Anatomy applied to diagnosis and treatment of diseases.
Term
Regional Anatomy
Definition
Specific regional parts of the body (head, thorax, limbs, etc.).
Term
Systemic Anatomy
Definition
Anatomy of the body dicided into its organ systems.
Term
Comparative Anatomy
Definition
Homologous structures of different animal species.
Term
Pathological Anatomy
Definition
Structural changes that occur during disease.
Term
Surgical Anatomy
Definition
Body structure related to surgical procedures.
Term
Topographic Anatomy
Definition
Positional interrelationships of body structures.
Term
Surface Anatomy
Definition
The form and markings of the surface of the body and the relationship of the surface features to deeper structures.
Term
Define:anatomy, physiology, and morphology.
Definition
*[to cut apart]. Used to study the body and its parts.
*concerned primarily with body function
*(morph = form, ology = the study of)
Term
Differentiate common subdivisions of anatomy from each other based on the specific subject matter including the three subtypes which are distinguished by the size of the structures studied.
Definition
Gross anatomy- visible w/out magnification, microscopic anatomy -need magnification up to 1000x, ultrastructural anatomy- needs magnification of over 1000x.
Term
Observation
Definition
The first method used to study body structure.
Term
Dissection
Definition
Simply opening the body and observing its structure.

Today it is one of the most practical, least expensive, and most efficient tools of anatomical science.
Term
Palpation
Definition
involves the identification and study of body parts by touch and feel.
Term
Surgery
Definition
involves the removal, rearrangement, and/or remodeling of anatomic structures.
Term
Radiography
Definition
is the science of using x-rays to produce photograph-like images.
Term
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Definition
uses powerful magnetic fields to energize (excite) the electrons in certain chemical components of the body.

The energy given off by the electrons can be captured and displayed on cathode ray tubes (CRT's).
Term
Ultrasonography
Definition
uses relatively low energy vibrations (ultrasound) to image body parts.

The vibrations are produced by a special machine and are directed into the body at the skin surface where they differentially bounce off various internal organs.
Term
Injection/ Maceration
Definition
Less sophisticated anatomical techniques include injecting plastic resin into hollow organs and then immersing the structures into corrosive chemicals to dissolve away the tissues.
Term
Percussion
Definition
a variation of palpation involving tapping on the body surface and listening to the sounds (normal/abnormal) produced.
Term
Auscultation
Definition
involves listening to the sounds that various body structures make (most of them, incidentally, do not make any sounds at all).
Term
Define each technique used to study anatomy and indicate if it (1)invades the body, (2)is potentially harmful, and (3) produces permanent (hard copy) images.
Definition
Observation:...
Dissection: 1,(2 - deceased)
Palpation: ...
Surgery: 1,2
Radiography: 2,3
MRI: 3
Ultrasonography: 3
Injection: 1,2
Percussion: ...
Auscultaion: ...
Term
Nomina Anatomica (NA)
Definition
The official world standard of anatomic nomentclature.
Term
Explain why eponyms are not used in proper anatomic nomenclature and why some structures are given names that may seem unnecessarily long.
Definition
Because of continuing religious sanctions against dissection of the human body, much of the anatomical study in recent centuries was done in secret. Lack of communication between the various investigators led to a confusing array of anatomical names for identical structures. The names are long sometimes in order to describe what they are and where they are located.
Term
Animal Kingdom
Definition
Humans belong to this group; includes the living, multicellular organisms that are aerobic and heterotrophic.
Term
Aerobic
Definition
require oxygen
Term
heterotrophic
Definition
use carbon-based organic compounds for energy.
Term
Phyla
Definition
The animal Kingdom has been subdivided into several smaller groups called [phyla]
Term
Chordata
Definition
Mankind belongs to this phylum-- includes the animals that developmentally posess a dorsal hollow nerve cord, a notochord, and a pharyngeal arches.
Term
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Definition
becomes the definitive brain and spinal cord.
Term
Notochord
Definition
differentiates into the bodies of the vertebrae and the intervertebral discs.
Term
Pharyngeal arches
Definition
differentiate into the tympanic membrane, palatine tonsils, thymus, and the parathyroid glands.
Term
Vertebrates
Definition
a subgroup of chordates. Includes all animals possessing a vertebral column and is dicided into several major classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and three groups of fish.
Term
Mammals
Definition
vertebrates characterized anatomically by hair, mammary glands, three pairs of auditory ossicles, and most of them have four limbs.
Mammals are divided into about twenty groups called orders.
Term
Primates
Definition
Man, monkeys, and lemurs belong to the most highly advanced order and have prehensile limgs and large brain mass/body mass ratios.
Primates are subdivided into several families and mankind is the only living member of the family Hominidae.
Term
binomial nomenclature system
Definition
The genus and species designations form this word.
Term
Taxon
Definition
Each level of biological classification is called a [taxon] and includes groups of related organisms which have common anatomical characteristics.
Term
Brain size
Definition
humans have the largest brain mass/body mass ratio in the animal kingdom.
Term
Bipedal posture/ locomotion
Definition
Whith the exception of kangaroos and wallabies, mankind is the only mammal that is bipedal in its primary mode of locomotion.
Term
Opposable thumbs
Definition
The fact that the thumb can be folded across the palm of the hand greatly increases the grasping ability of the human hand.
Term
Stereoscopic vision
Definition
The ability to direct both eyes at the same object allows depth perception.
Term
Vocal organ
Definition
Although many animals can vocalize to a limited extent, none but man have evolved a complex, articulate form of speech. Involves intricate interactions of the larynx, tongue, oral cavity, teeth, and lips.
Term
Crooked teeth
Definition
Very few human beings have perfect dentition (naturally).
Term
List at least 5 anatomical characteristics that are humanoid and indicate the one that is distinctly human.
Definition
1.Brain size 2.Bipedal posture/locomotion 3.Opposable thumbs 4.Stereoscopic vision 5.Vocal organ 6.Crooked teeth.... **Brain size**
Term
List the anatomical features that distinguish each human being individually.
Definition
specific numbers of vertebrate, teeth, and helplessness of neonates. Species, sex, age, race, individual variations, and state of health.
Term
Classify mankind taxonomically (phylum and subphylum, class, order, family, genus, species)
Definition
Kingdom:Animalia
Phylum:Chordata
Class:Mammalia
Order:Primates
Family:Hominidae
Genus:Homo
Species:sapien
Term
Subatomic particles and waves
Definition
The smallest units of matter
Term
Electrons, protons, and neutrons
Definition
The more familiar forms of subatomic particles and waves.
Term
Atoms
Definition
When electrons, protons, and neutrons are in a more stable state of matter they become organized into [atoms].
Term
Element
Definition
The species of an atom, determined by the the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Term
Oxygen(O), Carbon(C), Hydrogen(H), and Nitrogen(N)
Definition
These are particularly abundant and form over 95% of the total body weight.
Term
Calcium(Ca), Sulfur(S), Phosphorus(P), Potassium(K), Sodium(Na), Magnesium(Mg), and Chlorine(Cl)
Definition
The remainder of the body mass if formed by these elements
Term
Compounds
Definition
Some elements are combined to form [compounds].
Term
Inorganic Compounds
Definition
Water(H20), Ammonia(NH3), Phosphoric acid (H3PO4), and Carbon dioxide(C02). In the body, they exist mainly in ionic and/or hydrated forms.
Term
Organic compounds
Definition
Formed by various inorganic compounds combined with hydrocarbon chains. These are also called building blocks.
Term
Organic building blocks
Definition
include: simple sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, glycerol, and the purine and pyrimidine bases(adenine, thymine, uracil, guanine, and cytosine.)
Term
Biological macromolecules
Definition
formed by the combination of oraganic molecules during the dehydration synthesis.
Term
Organelles
Definition
subparts of cells. Can be described as supramolecular assemblies of biological macromolecules. Include: ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, golgi complex, endoplasmic reticulum..etc.
Term
Cell
Definition
a unit of libing matter delineated by a semipermeable membrane and capable of reproduction in an enviornment devoid of other life.
Term
Tissues
Definition
groups of cells and their products form [tissues]. 4 basic tissues: muscle tissues, epithelium, connective tissue, and nervous tissue.
Term
Muscle tissue
Definition
composed of cells which are specialized for contraction (shortening). Cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, and smooth muscle.
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
a major component of the heart and some of the large vessels near the heart.
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
forms the contractile parts of the named skeletal muscles of the body.
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
found within many of the organs of the body as well as the bases of hair follicles.
Term
Epithelial tissue
Definition
covers the inner and outer surfaces of the body and forms the secretory positions of glands.
Term
Connective tissue
Definition
distinguished from the other body tissues by the presence of large amounts of intercellular material (matrix).
Term
Matrix
Definition
the material in connective tissue; it consists of fivers and an amorphous glue termed ground substance.
Term
Nervous system
Definition
consistes of cells called neurons that are specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses, and several kinds of supporting cells called neuroglia.
Term
Sensory neurons
Definition
carry impulses which are interpreted and correlated by other neurons in the brain.
Term
Motor neurons
Definition
send impulses that control the activity of muscles and glands.
Term
Organ
Definition
a structure composed of two or more tissues. Include a broad range of entities, from structures as complex as the brain to entities as simple as capillaries.
Term
lumen
Definition
many organs have a [lumen], a central hollow space, that may always or occasionally contain something else.
Term
Parenchyma
Definition
The main functinoal components of an organ collectively comprise its [parenchyma] and the stroma.
Term
Stroma
Definition
the structural framework of an organ
Term
Body systems
Definition
groups of organs with common functional goals. ex: esophagus, stomach, intestine, and liver all belong to the digestive system.
Term
Visceral body systems
Definition
5 of the body systems: Digestive, Respiratory, Urinary, Male Reproductive, and female reproductive system. [have a tubular design, one or more openings at the body of the surface, and a mucous membrane lining.]
Term
Somatic systems
Definition
Integumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, and nervous systems. [Has a lining of membranous epithelium, connective itssue, muscle tissue.]
Term
Digestive system
Definition
oral cavity, gullet, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestine, and accessory digestive organs (salivary glands, liver and gallbladder, pancreas)
Term
Respiratory system
Definition
nose, nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Term
Urinary system
Definition
kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
Term
Male Reproductive system
Definition
testes, epididymides, ductula deferentia, penis, scrotum, accessory sex glands (prostate, seminal vesicles, bulbourethral glands)
Term
Female Reproductive system
Definition
ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, labia, clitoris
Term
Intergumentary system
Definition
skin, hair, nails
Term
Skeletal system
Definition
bones, joints, ligaments
Term
Muscular system
Definition
skeletal muscles
Term
Endocrine system
Definition
endocrine organs: pineal body, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland
Term
Cardiovascular system
Definition
heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood
Term
Lymphatic system
Definition
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, tonsils, thymus, spleen
Term
Nervous sytem
Definition
brain, spinal cord, cranial nerves, spinal nerves, ganglie, sensory receptors.
Term
Splanchnology
Definition
includes the study of the visceral organs as well as those of the endocrine system (sometimes the heart, spleen, and great vessels are included, too).
Term
List and define the 10 levels of organization in higher organisms. Give some examples of body structures in each.
Definition
subatomic particles and waves- protons, electrons, neutrons; elements- oxygen, carbon; inorganic compounds-water, ammonia; organic building blocks- simple sugars, amino acids; biological macro molecules- polysaccharieds, lipids; organelles-mitochondria, ribosomes; cells- neuron,; tissues- muscle tisse, connective; organs-brain,heart, artery; systems- nerbous, digestive; higer vertebrate- humans, dogs, horses, etc.. .
Term
Name the 12 organ systems, identify the 5 which are considered to be visceral body systems, and list 3 characteristics which distinguish the visceral systems from the somatic systems.
Definition
*Digestive, *Respiratory, *Urinary, *Male Rep., *Female Rep., Intergumentary, skeletal, muscular, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, nervous systems.
**a tubular design, 1+ openings on surface, and a mucous membrane lining.
Term
Name the 4 basic ("primary") tissues.
Definition
Organ level, tissue level, cellular level, and chemical or molecular level.
Term
Head[caput]
Definition
the superior extension of the body supported by the neck.
Term
Cranium[cranium]
Definition
the part of the head that houses the brain.
Term
Face[facies]
Definition
the anterior aspect of the head.
Term
Neck[collum]
Definition
the portion of the body joining the head to the trunk.
Term
Trunk[truncus]
Definition
the segment of the body to which the neck and limbs attach.
Term
Back[dorsum]
Definition
the posterior aspect of the trunk
Term
Thorax/chest[thorax/pectus]
Definition
the anterosuperior part of the trunk.
Term
Abdomen[abdomen]
Definition
the part of the trunk between the thorax and pelvis. It is commonly divided into four quadrants (left superior, right inferior,etc.)by the median plane and a transverse plane through the umbilicus.
Term
Pelvis[[pelvis]
Definition
the anteroinferior portion of the trunk
Term
Superior Limb[membrum superioris]
Definition
the paired limbs which attach to the lateral aspect of the thorax
Term
Deltoid(shoulder)Region[regio deltoideus]
Definition
the junction of the superior limb with the trunk.
Term
Arm[brachium]
Definition
the "upper" arm between the shoulder and elbow.
Term
Elbow[cubitus]
Definition
the junction of the brachium and antebrachium.
Term
Forearm[antibrachium]
Definition
the portion of the limb between the elbow and hand.
Term
Hand[manus]
Definition
the distal portion of the superior limb.
Term
Wrist[carpus]
Definition
the proximal part of the hand.
Term
Metacarpus[metacarpus]
Definition
the part of the hand to which the digits attach.
Term
Digits of the hand[digiti manus I-V]
Definition
the thumb and fingers
Term
Inferior Limb [membrum inferioris]
Definition
the paired limbs which attach to the pelvis.
Term
Hip[coxa]
Definition
the junction of the inferior limb with the trunk
Term
Thigh[femur]
Definition
the part of the inferior limb between the elbow and hand
Term
Knee[genu]
Definition
the junction of the thigh and leg
Term
Leg[crus]
Definition
the part of the inferior limb between the knee and foot.
Term
Foot[pes]
Definition
the distal portion of the inferior limb.
Term
Ankle[tarsus]
Definition
the proximal part of the foot
Term
Metatarsus[metatarsus]
Definition
the part of the foot to which the toes attach.
Term
Digits of the Foot[digiti pes I-V]
Definition
the toes.
Term
State the English and Latin names for each of the major subdivisions of the body.
Definition
Head[caput], Neck[collum], Trunk[truncus], Superior Limb[membrum superioris], Inferior Limb[membrum inferioris]
Term
Tubulization
Definition
refers to the fact that many body parts are hollow or tubular in design (blood vessels, alimentary canal, urinary bladder, air passageways,etc.).
Term
Stratification
Definition
describes the distinct layering in many parts of the body (skin, intestinal wall, cornea of the eye, etc.)
Term
Zygomorphism
Definition
this reflects the bilateral symmetry present in the body (left structures are identical but mirror imaged to right structures). Ex: eyes, ears, limbs, ribs, etc.
Term
Metamerism
Definition
the longitudinal (linear) series of structures demonstrated by some parts of the body (vertebrate, ribs, intercoastal muscles, superior and inferior limbs, etc.)
Term
Cavitation
Definition
refers to the fact that the head and trunk of the body are not solid structural masses. They have an outer wall surrounding and separated from internal organs.
Term
Cranial cavity
Definition
the space within the head that houses the brain.
Term
Thoracic cavity
Definition
the space within the thorax that contains the heart, lungs, esophagus, and several other organs.
Term
Abdominal cavity
Definition
the space within the abdomen that contains the liver, kidneys, stomach, and intestines.
Term
Diaphragm
Definition
The thoracic cavity is spearated fromthe abdominal cavity below it by a partition of skeletal muscle called the [diaphragm].
Term
Pleural cavities
Definition
the lungs
Term
Pericardial cavity
Definition
the heart
Term
Peritoneal cavity
Definition
the abdominal organs
Term
Serous membrane (serosa)
Definition
a paper thin structure with two layers: an epithelial linging and a delicate outer layer of connective tissue proper that binds the epithelium top the adjacent structures.
Term
Define 5 principles of morphology and give examples of each.
Definition
Tubulization-hollow or tubular *blood vessels, Stratification-laying of parts *skin, Zygomorphism-bilateral symmetry *eyes, Metamerism-longitudinal/linear series of structures *ribs, Cavitation- not solid structural masses *head.
Term
A plane
Definition
a flat surgace, real or imaginary, along which any two points can be connected by a straight line.
Term
The median (midsagittal) plane
Definition
vertically oriented plane which passes throught the anterior and posterior midline of the body and divides the head, neck, and trunk into equal halves.
Term
Sagittal planes
Definition
planes parallel to the median plane, but off the midline of the body to one side or the other.
Term
Frontal (coronal) plane
Definition
vertically oriented plane perpendicular to the median plane which divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.
Term
Transverse plane
Definition
horizontally oriented plane that divides the head, neck, trunk, or limbs into superior and inferior portions.
Term
Define in words and develop a working concept of the 3 main types of anatomic planes.
Definition
The sagittal plane- passes through anterior and posterior midline of body. The frontal plane- veritcally oriented, divides body into anterior and posterior portions. Transverse planes- horizontally oriented divides head, neck, trunk, or limbs into superior and inferior portions.
Term
Explain how the abdomen can be divided into 4 quadrants around the umbilicus by 2 particular planes.
Definition
The sagittal plane and the transverse plane separate the abdomen into 4 parts. The sagittal vertically separates down the middle, and the transverse horizontally passes through the middle, making 4 quadrants.
Term
oblique (angled) orientations
Definition
Directional terms can be combined to indicate these [oblique] orientations Ex:proximomedially, anterolateral, etc.
Term
Normal anatomical position
Definition
All directional terms refer to the body in this position. The body is standing erect with the head and feet directed forward, the arms hanging loosely at the sides, the fingers straightened and directed downward, and the palms directed forward.
Term
Define and be able to use the anatomic directional terms.
Definition
...
Term
Describe and assume the normal anatomical position.
Definition
The body is standing erect with the head and feet directed forward, the arms hanging loosely at the sides, the fingers straightened and directed downward, and the palms directed forward.
Term
Physical exam
Definition
a physician evaluates all of the systems and many specific organs of the body.
Term
Radiography
Definition
used to evaluate specific abnormalities
Term
Reflexes
Definition
the muscular system is routinely evaluated by eliciting a number of neuromuscular [reflexes]
Term
Auscultation
Definition
the evaluation process of the trachea, lungs, and bronchial tree. The sound of air moving though normal respiratory passageways is distinguishable fromt hat mobing through collapsed or partially blocked ones.
Term
Anterior[anterior]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the front side of the body.
Term
Posterior[posterior]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the baack side of the body.
Term
Medial[medialis]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the median plane.
Term
Lateral[lateralis]
Definition
Away from or relatively further from the median plane.
Term
Superior[superior]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the top of the head.
Term
Inferior[inferior]
Definition
Away from or relatively further from the top of the head.
Term
Proximal[proximalis]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the trunk. This term is nearly always applied to the limbs where it has same conceptual meaning as superior.
Term
Distal[distalis]
Definition
Away from or relatively further from the trunk. This term is nearly always applied to the limbs where it has the same general conceptual meaning as inferior.
Term
Superficial/external[superficialis/esternus]
Definition
Near or relatively closer to the outer aspect (surface) of the body or part.
Term
Deep/internal[profundus/internus]
Definition
Near or relatively closer to the central aspect of the body or part.
Term
Dorsal[dorsalis]
Definition
Literally implies toward or relatively closer to the "back". In practice it is most commonly applied to the posterior surface of the head, neck, trunk, or hand; or to the "superior" aspect of the foot.
Term
Ventral[ventralis]
Definition
Literally implies toward or relatively closer to the "belly". In practice it is commonly used to refer to the lower aspect of underside of an organ or part.
Term
Middle[medius]
Definition
A position between superior/inferior, anterior/posterior, poximal/distal, or superficial/deep.
Term
Intermediate[intermedius]
Definition
A side-to-side position between medial and lateral structures.
Term
Palmar[palmaris]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the anterior aspect of the hand(i.e. the side where the palm is loacted).
Term
Plantar[plantaris]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the sole of the foot where it is synonymous with inferior.
Term
Radial[radialis]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the lateral aspect of the superior limb.
Term
Ulnar[ulnaris]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the medial aspect of the superior limb.
Term
Tibial[tibialis]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the medial aspect of the inferior limb.
Term
Fibular[fibularis]
Definition
Toward or relatively closer to the lateral aspect of the inferior limb.
Term
Longitudinal[longitudinalis]
Definition
Parallel to the long axis of the body or body part (lengthwise).
Term
Transverse[transversalis]
Definition
Perpendicular to the long axis of the body or body part (across).
Term
Ipsilateral[ipsilateralis]
Definition
On the same side of the body.
Term
Contralateral[contralateralis]
Definition
On the opposite side of the body.
Term
Capillary refilling time
Definition
noted by applying fingertip pressure to various parts of the body to blanch them and then noting the return of normal skin color after pressure is removed.
Term
Blood pressure
Definition
measured by a sphygmomanometer (blood pressure cuff).
Term
Urinalysis
Definition
analysis of a unrine sample.
Term
Paramedian plane
Definition
sagittal plane[planum sagittalis]
Term
arm (whole limb)
Definition
superior limb [membrum superioris]
Term
upper arm
Definition
arm [brachium]
Term
leg (whole leg)
Definition
inferior limb [membrum inferioris]
Term
upper leg
Definition
thigh [femur]
Term
lower leg
Definition
leg [crus]
Term
forefinger
Definition
index finger, second digit of hand [index, digitus secundus (II)]
Term
pinkie
Definition
fifth digit/little finger [digitus quintus/minimus]
Term
forefoot
Definition
metatarsus [metatarsus]
Term
stomach (anterior, lower trunk)
Definition
abdomen [abdomen]
Term
Which of the following definitions is incorrect?
A.Human anatomy is the study of the body and its parts.
B.Radiography is he science of using x-rays to produce photograph-like images.
C.The Nomina Anatomica is the official world standard of anatomic nomenclature.
D. A taxon is a name give to a particular level or gouping of organisms in a systematic classification scheme.
E.Cells are components of tissues and tissues are components of organelles.
Definition
E. the first part of the statement is accurate but tissues are components of organs.
Term
Which of the following does not demonstrate the morphological principle with which it is matched?
A.head-cavitation
B.ribs-metamerism
C.stomach-zygomorphism
D.skin-stratification
E.artery-tubulation
Definition
C. The stomach is not a bilateral organ.
Term
The taxonomic order to which mankind belongs is ____.
A.Primates
B.sapiens
C.Hominidae
D.Homo
E.Chordata
Definition
A.The species is sapiens; Hominidae is the family; Homo is the genus; Chordata is the phylum.
Term
Which of the following anatomical difectional terms is mismatched with its reference point?
A.distal-top of head
B.radial-lateral aspect of superior limb
C.external-outer aspect of the body or part thereof
lateral-median plane
E.inferior-top of head
Definition
A. Distal has various reference points but never the top of the head.
Term
Which of the following is not one of the four basic tissues in the human body?
A.epithelial tissue
B.muscle tissue
C.adipose tissue
D.connective tissue
E.nervous tissue
Definition
C.Adipose tissue is one of several subtypes of connective tissue.
Term
Which plane intercepts (cuts, intersects) the antebrachium longitudinally?
A.sagittal plane
B.midsagittal plane
C.transverse plane
D.median plane
E.If more than one of the aboce intersect the antebrachium longitudinally, choose this response.
Definition
A. Midsagital(B) and median(D) planes miss the antebrachium completely. Transverse planes(C) can intercept the antebrachium, but they cut it horizontally (transversely).
Term
Which of the following characteristics is least helpful in setting humans apart from other animals?
A.opposable thumbs
B.bipedal locomotion
C.brain mass/body mass ratio
D.stereoscopic vision
E. ability to produce sound
Definition
E.Most higher animals can produce sound.
Term
Find the lie.
A. Serous membranes have two layers:epithelial tissue and connective tissue proper.
B.Mucous membranes have three layers:epithelial tissue, smooth muscle, and connectibve tissue proper.
C. The trunk is composed of two major body cavities: thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity.
D.Splanchnology includes the study of visceral organs: lung, liver, testis, uterus, and urethra.
F. Choose this response if al the about are true statements.
G.Choose this response if two or more of the above (A-E) are lies.
Definition
C. the trunk is composed of the chest, abdomen, back, and pelvis. It contains 2 major cavities: thoracic and abdominal.
Term
Which one of the following has mismatched items?
A.urinary system-ureter-visceral
B.integumentary system-nails-somatic
C.cardiovascular system-heart-visceral
D.muscular system-diaphragm-somatic
E.respiratory system-trachea-visceral
F.nervous system-spinal cord-somatic
Definition
C.The heart belongs to the cardiovascular system but the latter is a somatic system.
Term
Which of the following is mismatched?
A.Mammalia-three pairs of auditory ossicles-Class
B.Hominidae-mankind is the only living member-Family
C.Animalia-heterotrophs-Kingdom
D.Chordata-notochord-Phylum
E.Choose this response if all the above are correctly matched.
Definition
E.
Term
Do transverse planes cut all partsof the body transversely? Name some structures of the body that would be longitudinally sectioned by a transverse plane.
Definition
No. Transverse planes are horizontally oriented planes. They section many parts of the body transversely. However, elongated structures like the clavicle and metatarsus, whose long axes are horizontally oriented will be longitduinally sectioned by them.
Term
All of the visceral body systems have (at least some) tubular organs. Give examples of tubular structures found in somatic systems.
Definition
The brain, spinal cord, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.
Term
By conceptually combining the reproductive and urinary systems into a single urogenital system, the muscular and skeltal systems, and by considering the lymphatic system to be part of the cariovascular system, the total number of body systems would be________.
Definition
8
Term
What do raiography, MRI, and ultrasonography have in common? What feature of raiography is not found in MRI or ultrasonography?
Definition
All 3 are non-invasive. Radiography uses ionizing radiation which is carcinogenic.
Term
Why isn't the "defense system" listed as one of the organ systems of the body?
Definition
The "defense system" is not an anatomic system but rather it is a functional concept.
Term
Some ovsolete names for body parts were based on the names of individuals who discovered them, or did something significant in regard to them. Why were these kinds of names discarded when the official names for structures were selected?
Definition
Official names are selected which have instructive and descriptive value. Nomenclature based on names of individuals lack descriptive value.
Term
Why does auscultation yield such a small volume of anatomical information?
Definition
Most parts of the body do not make noise and those that do, don't necessarily describe themselves.
Term
Homo sapiens is the genus/species designation of all human beings. What factors make each individual unique?
Definition
Sex, age, race, individual variation, state of health.
Term
If one conceptually combines the structural levels of inorganic compounds, organic compounds and biological macrocolecules into one level the total number of levels of organization in the body would be reduced from ____to____.
Definition
10 to 8
Term
The visceral body systems have one or more openings at the surface of the body. Name two somatic systems which organs located at the body surface.
Definition
Integumentary system (skin, hair, nails) and nervous system (eyes, ears).
Term
Can every structure in the body be sectioned by a sagittal plane? By a coronal plane? By a Transverse plane?
Definition
Any structure in the body can be intercepted by at least one sgittal, one coronal, and one transverse plane.
Term
Name a body landmark that can not be intercepted by any sagittal plane except the midsagittal plane.
Definition
Anterior and posterior midlines.
Term
Name the smallest group of animals to which horses and humans both belong (taxonomically). Repeat the question for humans and snakes.
Definition
Mammals-vertebrates (a subgroup of the chordates).
Term
Which basic tissues
A. are in contact with air?
B. are present in most organs?
C. are present in every organ?
Definition
A.epithelium (only)
B.all four basic tissues
C.connective tissue and epithelium (even the simplest organ like capillaries and serous membranes contain these two).
Term
Why is having a standardizing (official) nomenclature so important in science like anatomy?
Definition
It reduces confusion and increases the efficiency of communication. The objective is to create a 1:1 relationship between names and structures.
Term
Developmentlly, all chordates possess a notochord. What does it become in the human body?
Definition
Bodies of the vertebrae and intervertebral discs. It does not form the spinal cord.
Term
Which six anatomical directional terms should be included in a "bare bones" list? In other words, which six will allow the positions of all body structures to be related to each other?
Definition
Anterior, posterior, medial, lateral, inferior, superior.
Term
Which two body systems are most difficult to examine by routine physical exam techniques?
Definition
Endocrine and lymphatic systems.
Term
Which subdivision of the trunk runs the full length of the trunk?
Definition
The back [dorsun]
Term
The abdominal organs are within the abdominal cavity but they are not inside of the peritoneal cavity. They are said to be invaginated into (but not inside of) the peritoneal cavity. Explain this physical relationship.
Definition
They have the same relationship to the peritoneal cavity that a hand shoved into the side of a large, soft balloon has to the inside of the balloon (where the air is trapped). The hand is shoved into the side of the balloon but is not inside of the balloon.
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