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Intro to Repro Phys fo Female
11-13 Exam 2
71
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
09/09/2016

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Cards

Term
What is the difference b/n estrus and estrous?
Definition
-estrus: noun
-estrous: an adjective
Term
What is the difference b/n anestrous and anestrus?
Definition
-anestrous is not cycling
-anestrus is not displaying that type of behavior
Term
What is the difference b/n polyestrous and polyestrus?
Definition
-polyestrous is having multiple cycles
-polyestrus is having multiple seasons of estrus behavior
Term
What are the three types of estrous cyclicity?
Definition
-POlyestrus
-Seasonally polyestrus
-Monoestrus
Term
Which species are polyestrus?
Definition
-cow, queen, pig, rodents
Term
Which species are seasonal polyestrus with long days?
Definition
-mare
Term
Which species are seasonal polyestrus with short days?
Definition
-eye, doe, elk, nanny
Term
Which species are monoestrus?
Definition
-some types of dogs, wolf, fox, bear
Term
What are the two major phases of the estrous cycle?
Definition
-follicular phase and luteal phase
Term
What is the follicular phase?
Definition
-leads up to ovulation
Term
What is the luteal phase?
Definition
-ovulated and under influence of progesterone
Term
LOOK AT THE CHART ON PAGE 12!!!!
Definition
Term
What are the divisions of the follicular phase?
Definition
-proestrus and estrus
Term
What are the divisions of the luteal phase?
Definition
-metestrus and diestrus
Term
What happens during anestrus?
Definition
-no obvious cyclicity
Term
LOOK AT THE CHART ON PAGE 20
Definition
Term
LOOK AT THE CHART ON PAGE 31
Definition
Term
When does the bitch ovulate? When does fertilization occur? What specifically does the BITCH ovulate?
Definition
-ovulation occurs during estrus
-fertilization occurs during estrus
-btch only ovulates a primary oocyte
Term
Which of the estrus phases are loosey goosey about timing and which are very tightly reuglated?
Definition
-luteal phase is the ONLY phase htat is tightly rgulated
Term
Describe the behavior of the cow during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase.
Definition
-Search: inc locomotion, inc vocalization, twitching, and elevatio nof the tail
-Courtship: inc grooming, mounting attempts with other females
-Consummation: homo mounting and standing to mbe mounted
Term
Describe the behavior of the mare during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase.
Definition
-Search: inc locomotion, tail flagging
-Courtship: urination stance, urination in presnece of stallion
-Consummation: presents hidnquarters to mate, clitoral exposure by labial eversion, pulsatile contractions of labia
Term
Describe the behavior of the ewe during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase.
Definition
-Search: short period of restlessness ram seeking
-Courtship: urination in presence of ram
-Consummation: immobile stance
Term
Describe the behavior of the sow during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase.
Definition
-Search: mild restlessness
-Courtinship: immobile stance
-Consummation: immobile stance
Term
Describe the behavior of the bitch during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase.
Definition
-Search: roaming
-Courtship: immobile stance
-Consummation: tail deflected to one side, urination in presence of male affectionate head rubbing
Term
Describe the behavior of the queen during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase.
Definition
-Search: vocalization
-Courtship: crouching, affectionate head rubbing, rolling
-Cosummation: elevation of rear quarters and hyperextension of back, presentation of vulva, tail deviation
Term
Describe the behavior of the llama during the searching phase, courtship phase, and consummation phase.
Definition
-Search: acceptance
-Courtship: sitting position
-Consummation: acceptance of male/sitting position
Term
REVIEW PAGE 38 OF THE POWERPOINT
Definition
Term
What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the mare?
Definition
-Estrous cycle: 19-22d
-Estrus: 4-7d
-Diestrus: 14-16d
Term
What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus inthe cow?
Definition
-Estrous cycle: 18-22d
-Estrus: 6-30h
-Diestrus: 16-17d
Term
What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the ewe?
Definition
-Estrous cycle: 14-16d
-Estrus: 24-36h
-Diestrus: 12-13d
Term
What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the doe?
Definition
-Estrous cycle: 18-21d
-Estrus: 24-36h
-Diestrus: 15-17d
Term
What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the sow?
Definition
-Estrous cycle: 18-21d
-Estrus: 24-72h
-Diestrus: 15-17d
Term
What are the lengths of estrous cycle, estrus, and diestrus in the bitch?
Definition
-Estrous cycle: 4-8mo
-Estrus: 7-9d
-Diestrus: 60-80d
Term
Which species are induced ovulators?
Definition
-camelids, queen, rabbits
Term
What is the most common cause of anestrus in the female?
Definition
-pregnancy
Term
LOOK AT THE GRAPHIC ON PAGE 41
Definition
Term
What is lactational anestrus?
Definition
-lactations by own calf inhibits GhRN resulting in low LH concentrations during the suckling period (not mechanical milking)
Term
What factors affect seasonal anestrus?
Definition
-photoperiod and nutrition
Term
Why is it a bad idea to breed a primiparous heifer on her first cycle?
Definition
-due to the nutritional demand of raising a calf compounded by her still-growing body without any more body fat, will not be successful
Term
During early embryonic development, what does the inner cell mass become? What do the trophectoderm and mesoderm layers become?
Definition
-inner cell mass
-placenta
Term
Outline the hormone profile of the follicular phase.
Definition
-Declining P4: regression of prebious CL
-Increasing E2: growing follicles +/- D
-Increasing FSH: recruits next wave
-Surge release of LH: low P4 and high E2
-With dominane, E2 and inhibin are secreted = suppress FSH, enhance LH
Term
What substances do we use to synchronize cows?
Definition
-PGF2a: give shot at end of diestrus and a week later
Term
What hormone controls recruitment of the follicle?
Definition
-FSH
Term
What happens during the selection phase of follicular phase?
Definition
-ovulatory follicles emerge
-under control of INhibin
Term
What happens during the dominance phase of the follicular phase?
Definition
-final growth of ovulatory follicle and inhibition of others
Term
LOOK AT SLIDE 85
Definition
Term
In the mare with a granulosa cell tumor the contralateral ovary is almost prepubertal in size due to the secretion of what hormone by the affected voary?
Definition
-inhibin
Term
How does ovulation come about in induced ovulators?
Definition
-copulation stimulates vaginal and cervical neurons to go uop and tell the surge center to release GnRH to cause an LH surge for ovulation
Term
Which species ovulates a primary oocyte? A secondary?
Definition
-bitch ovulates a primary oocyte
-everyone but the bitch ovulates a secondary oocyte
Term
At which stage are oocytes arrested while awaiting ovulation?
Definition
-prophase
Term
For how long is it called a zygote?
Definition
-one division length
Term
On which hormone is ovulation dependent?
Definition
-FSH
Term
How long does ovulation usually take? Are there any exceptions?
Definition
-msot species it is a 24h event
-takes 3-5d in the mare
Term
During which phase of estrus do most species ovulate? Any exceptions?
Definition
-estrus
-cow ovulates immediately after estrus
Term
When do bitches ovulate within the estrous cycle?
Definition
-2-3d after LH surge b/c she ovulates a primary oocyte
Term
What happens to an ovulated follicle?
Definition
-collapses, fills with blood, and becomes a Corpus hemorrhagicum
Term
What are the divisions of the luteal phase?
Definition
-metestrus and diestrus
Term
What are the 3 main events of luteal phase?
Definition
-luteinization of follicle cells to luteal cells (CL)
-production of P4
-luteolysis
Term
Which cells in the ovary become the large luteal cells? The small luteal cells?
Definition
-Granulosa cells become the large luteal cells
-Teca interna cells become the small luteal cells
Term
What is luteinization?
Definition
-transformation of the theca interna and granulosa cells of the follicle to luteal cells producing P4
-large = granulosa & small = theca interna
Term
What hormones support luteal cells?
Definition
-LH and prolactin
Term
From where does the corpus luteum originate?
Definition
-from the ovulatory follicle
Term
What are the purposes of luteal P4?
Definition
-strong negative feedback on hypothalamus and AP
-regulates the cyclic surge patern in the female
-uterine milk
-inhibits myometrium and reduces contractility
-closure of the cervix
-moderates mucosal immunity: allows conceptus to remain in uterus
Term
Luteolysis is essential in order to return to estrus. What all occurs during luteolysis?
Definition
-disintegration of the CL
-dramatic drop in blood P4 (1-3d)
Term
What is the key luteolytic agent?
Definition
-PGF2a
Term
What is the source of PGF2a?
Definition
-uterine endometrium
Term
What are the three possible pathways to luteolysis?
Definition
-local countercurrent exchange of PGF2a from ipsilateral uterine v and ovarian artery in ruminants
-Systemic pathway involving the lungs
-A combination of both
Term
What is the mechanism of luteolysis in the sow?
Definition
-systemic and countercurrent exchange mechanism
-40% metabolized in one passage through lung
-not responsive till day 12
Term
What is the mechanism of luteolysis in the mare?
Definition
-systemic pathway only
-CL more sensitive to PGF2a
-PGF2a metabolized less rapidly
Term
Where do oxytocin receptors appear in the late luteal phase?
Definition
-endometrium
Term
Outline hormonal induction of luteolysis?
Definition
-oxytocin receptors appear in endometrium in late luteal phase
-CL contains large amounts of oxytocin
-oxytocin release stims a pulse of PGF2a release
-PGF2a stimulates more oxytocin (positive feedback system)
-maternal recognition of pregnancy disrupts this process
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