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Intro to Nervous System Physiology
BIOL 207-Exam 2 for Dr. Anderson
56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/20/2015

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Term
nervous system
Definition
master controlling and communicating system of body
Term
sensory input
Definition
information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
Term
integration
Definition
processing and interpretation of sensory input
Term
motor output
Definition
activation of effector organs to produce a response
Term
effector organs
Definition
Term
central nervous system (CNS)
Definition
brain and spinal cord; integration and control center
Term
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Definition
consists mainly of nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord
Term
sensory (afferent) division
Definition
somatic sensory fibers and visceral sensory fibers that convey impulses to the CNS
Term
somatic sensory fibers
Definition
convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS
Term
visceral sensory fibers
Definition
convey impulses from visceral organs to CNS
Term
motor (efferent) division
Definition
transmits impulses from CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands; includes somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
conducts impulses from CNS to skeletal muscle; voluntary nervous system
Term
autonomic nervous system
Definition
involuntary regulation of smooth/cardiac muscle and glands with two subdivisions sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
neuroglia
Definition
small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons; helper cells
Term
neurons (nerve cells)
Definition
excitable cells that transmit electrical signals
Term
astrocytes
Definition
CNS; most abundant and versatile glial cells; cling to neurons of CNS, synaptic endings, and capillaries to protect, control chemical environment, respond to nerve impulses and transmitters, and participate in information processing
Term
microglial cells
Definition
CNS; small, oval cells with thorny processes between motor neurons; migrate towards injured neurons; eat microorganisms and neural debris
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
CNS; can range from squamous to columnar (possibly ciliated); line the central cavities of the brain and spinal column; maintains the cerebrospinal fluid and create the blood/brain barrier
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
CNS; branched cells; form myelin sheath around nerve fibers that help to insulate
Term
satellite cells
Definition
PNS; surround neuron cell body; similar to astrocytes in CNS
Term
schwann cells (neurolemmocytes)
Definition
PNS; surround peripheral nerve fibers with myelin sheaths for insulation; similar functions oligodendrocytes in CNS
Term
neurons
Definition
structural unit of nervous system; large and highly specialized to conduct impulses; amitotic
Term
biosynthetic center of neuron
Definition
synthesizes proteins, membranes, and other chemicals
Term
ganglia
Definition
Term
neuron processes
Definition
armlike processes extend from cell body
Term
tracts
Definition
bundles of neuron processes in CNS
Term
nerves
Definition
bundles of neuron processes in PNS
Term
dendrites
Definition
receptive region of neuron; convey incoming messages to body cell as graded potentials (short distance signals) which are not action potentials; collect information with dendritic spines
Term
axon
Definition
impulse-generating and conducting region of neuron; lacks rough ER and golgi apparatus
Term
axon hillock
Definition
cone shaped area of cell body
Term
nerve fibers
Definition
long axons
Term
axon collaterals
Definition
occasional branching of nerve fibers
Term
axon terminals (terminal boutons)
Definition
distal ending of axon
Term
axolemma
Definition
neuron cell membrane
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
protects and electrically insulates axon; increases speed of nerve impulse and transmission; segmented sheath around most long or large-diameter axons
Term
myelin sheaths gaps (nodes of Ranvier)
Definition
gaps between schwann cells where branches can emerge
Term
white matter
Definition
regions of brain and spinal cord with dense collections of myelinated fibers; usually tracts
Term
gray matter
Definition
mostly neuron cell bodies and nonmyelinated fibers
Term
interneurons
Definition
lie between motor and sensory neurons; most within CNS; 99% of body's neurons
Term
plectricity
Definition
opposite charges attract each other
Term
voltage
Definition
a measure of potential energy generated by separated charge
Term
current
Definition
flow of electrical charge (ions) between two points
Term
resistance
Definition
hindrance to charge flow
Term
Ohm's Law
Definition
Current (I) = voltage (V) / resistance (R)
Term
leakage (nongated) channels
Definition
channels that are always open
Term
gated channels
Definition
part of protein changes shape (the "gate") to open/close
Term
graded potentials
Definition
incoming signals operating over short distances
Term
presynaptic neuron
Definition
neuron conducting impulses toward synapse; sends the information
Term
postsynaptic neuron
Definition
neuron transmitting electrical signal away from synapse; receives the information
Term
reuptake
Definition
termination of neurotransmitters by astrocytes or axon terminal
Term
degradation
Definition
termination of neurotransmitter by enzymes
Term
diffusion
Definition
termination of neurotransmitter where the neurotransmitter leave the synaptic cleft
Term
temporal summation
Definition
summation type "same place, different time"
Term
spatial summation
Definition
summation type "same time, different places"
Term
channel-linked receptors
Definition
neurotransmitter receptors that mediate fast synaptic transmission; change ionic current
Term
G protein-linked receptor
Definition
neurotransmitter receptor that oversees slow synaptic responses; causes more metabolic changes
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