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Intro to Nervous System, Neuro-, Myo-, Synaptogenesis
Day 1
96
Anatomy
Graduate
01/16/2015

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Term
The nervous system is divided into what two parts?
Definition
central and peripheral
Term
afferent fibers send a signal which direction
Definition
toward CNS
Term
efferent fibers send a signal which direction
Definition
away from CNS
Term
Peripheral nervous system has what divisions
Definition
somatic nervous system, autonomic nervous system
Term
the autonomic nervous system has what two divisions
Definition
sympathetic, parasympathetic
Term
the CNS is composed of what 5 major subdivisions
Definition
spinal cord, brainstem, cerebellum, diencephalon, cerebrum
Term
what is the cerebrum derived from
Definition
telencephalon
Term
what constitutes the majority of the weight of the brain and occupies most of the skull
Definition
cerebrum
Term
what structure lies above the brain stem
Definition
diencephalon
Term
what does the diencephalon consist of
Definition
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
Term
what does the brain stem consist of? (3)
Definition
medulla, pons, midbrain
Term
lower end of the brainstem continues as what
Definition
spinal cord
Term
structure which lies inferior to the cerebrum and posterior to the brain stem
Definition
cerebellum
Term
include all nerve tissue other than the brain and spinal cord
Definition
peripheral nervous system
Term
a spinal nerve has two points of attachment to the spinal cord, what are they and what are their roles
Definition
posterior (sensory), anterior (motor)
Term
how many pairs of nerves are there
Definition
31
Term
where does the spinal cord terminate
Definition
L1-L2 vertebrae
Term
Development of the neural plate begins when
Definition
weeks 4-8
Term
What gives rise to the CNS
Definition
ectoderm
Term
initially, the CNS appears as a thickening of ectoderm called the....
Definition
neural plate
Term
the neural plate extends towards what
Definition
primitive streak
Term
later, the lateral edges of the neural plate become elevated to form what
Definition
neural folds
Term
the lateral edges of the neural plate become elevated to form the neural folds, leaving the depressed midregion to form what
Definition
neural groove
Term
as the neural folds approximate in the midline what happens
Definition
they begin to fuse
Term
where does fusion of the neural folds start?
Definition
future cervical region
Term
fusion of the neural folds begins in the cervical region and proceeds in which direction
Definition
cephalic, caudal directions
Term
the complete fusion of the neural folds results in what
Definition
formation of the neural tube
Term
each end of the neural tube remains temporarily open in connection what what
Definition
amniotic cavity
Term
the neural tube remains temporarily open with the amniotic cavity by way of what?
Definition
anterior and posterior neuropores
Term
Which neuropore closes first
Definition
anterior neuropore
Term
after closure of the neuropores, the CNS forms a closed tubular structure with a narrow caudal portion, and a broader cephalic portion. What is the narrow caudal portion?
Definition
spinal cord
Term
after closure of the neuropores, the CNS forms a closed tubular structure with a narrow caudal portion, and a broader cephalic portion. What is the broader cephalic portion?
Definition
primary brain vesicles
Term
during development and after closure of the neural tube, what cells rapidly divide and proliferate?
Definition
neuroepithelium
Term
when the neural tube closes, neuroepithelium gives rise to what cell
Definition
neuroblast cells
Term
neuroblast cells will later form what layer
Definition
mantle layer
Term
neuroblast cells eventually form the mantle layer. the mantle layer differentiates into what
Definition
gray matter
Term
During the development of the spinal cord, what is the outermost layer
Definition
marginal layer
Term
what layer contains nerve fibers emerging from the neuroblasts in the mantle layer?
Definition
marginal layer
Term
the marginal layer will later become what
Definition
white matter of the spinal cord
Term
what are the 3 primary brain vesicles
Definition
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
Term
forebrain aka
Definition
prosencephalon
Term
midbrain aka
Definition
mesencephalon
Term
hindbrain aka
Definition
rhombencephalon
Term
what are the 2 flexures of the cephalic end of the neural tube
Definition
cervical flexure, cephalic flexure
Term
where is the cervical flexure located
Definition
junction of hindbrain and spinal cord
Term
where is the cephalic flexure located
Definition
midbrain region
Term
what are the 2 parts of the prosencephalon
Definition
telencephalon, diencephalon
Term
primitive cerebral hemispheres aka
Definition
telencephalon
Term
2 parts of the rhombencephalon
Definition
metencephalon, myelencephalon
Term
what part of the rhombencephalon will later form the pons and cerebellum
Definition
metencephalon
Term
origin, differenetiation, development of skeletal muscles
Definition
myogenesis
Term
what does skeletal muscle arise from
Definition
mesoderm
Term
differentiation of muscle involves changes in what (3)
Definition
structure, biochemistry, excitability
Term
Myogenesis: What are the 3 major stages prior to innervation
Definition
myoblast, myotube, myofiber
Term
what are progenitors of skeletal muscle called
Definition
presumptive myoblasts
Term
function of presumptive myoblasts
Definition
synthesize DNA, divide mitotically, are mononuclated
Term
what do presumptive myoblasts need to do in order to be referred to as just myoblasts
Definition
synthesize actin
Term
myoblast descriptors (2)
Definition
mononucleated, capable of fusing
Term
major difference between presumptive myoblasts and myoblasts
Definition
myoblasts cease synthesizing DNA
Term
what do myoblasts begin to synthesize instead of DNA
Definition
contractile filaments
Term
what is the first contractile filament to appear on the periphery of myoblasts
Definition
actin
Term
after actin appears on the periphery of the myoblast, what appears in the interior of the cell
Definition
myosin
Term
how are myosin and actin synthesize during myogenesis
Definition
independently of each other
Term
Myoblasts become myotubes when: 1
Definition
myofilaments become prominent
Term
Myoblasts become myotubes when: 2
Definition
myoblasts fuse with other myoblasts
Term
Myoblasts become myotubes when: 3
Definition
myoblast fusion causes the new cell to become multinucleated
Term
Myoblasts become myotubes when: 4
Definition
nuclei are centrally located and actin/myosin are located in periphery
Term
fusion of mybolsts into myotubes triggers many changes within the cell, such as (2)
Definition
structure and enzyme composition
Term
fusion of myoblasts into myotubes triggers many changes in the membrane, such as (2)
Definition
electrical and chemical excitability
Term
What is chemical excitablity
Definition
insertion of membrane protein molecules that later become chemically gated channels
Term
chemical excitability is endowed by what
Definition
cholinergic receptors
Term
what opens cholinergic receptors
Definition
Acetycholine
Term
When AcH activates cholinergic receptors, what happens
Definition
Na+ and K+ channels open
Term
What occurs when maturation of myotubes occurs? (2)
Definition
sacroplasmic reticulum form, T-tubules and terminal cisternae form
Term
myotubes progress to become myofibers when (2)
Definition
nuclei are pushed peripherally and actin/myosin are centralized
Term
What happens to the resting membrane potential when myoblasts progress into myotubes
Definition
decrease in potential, ie -10 to -50 mV
Term
Myofibers will not become a mature, functional muscle fibers unless what
Definition
it becomes innervated
Term
formation of synapses
Definition
synaptogenesis
Term
early stages of synaptogenesis include what (3)
Definition
adhesion between 2 cells, establishment of functional interactions, occurence of ultra structural changes
Term
after a neuron has reached its final resting position, what begins
Definition
growth cone formation
Term
one motor neuron innervates many muscle cells to form what
Definition
motor unit
Term
What 4 factors that effect how growth cones reach their targets?
Definition
contact-mediated attraction, contact-mediated repulsion, chemoattraction, chemorepulsion
Term
neural folds become what
Definition
neural groove
Term
neural groove becomes what
Definition
neural tube
Term
the growth cone phase of synaptogenesis is characterized by what
Definition
producing new membrane and synthesizing proteins
Term
the bouton phase of synaptogenesis is characterized by what
Definition
synthesizing Ach instead of proteins and producing new membrane
Term
mature pre-synaptic endings store, package, and release what?
Definition
ACh
Term
How do presynaptic vesicles release Ach: In the resting presynaptic bouton, vesicles are anchored to what
Definition
cytoskeleton
Term
How do presynaptic vesicles release Ach: in the resting presynaptic bouton, vesicles are anchored to the cytoskeleton, the membrane is impermeable to what
Definition
Ca+2
Term
How do presynaptic vesicles release Ach: Depolarization causes the botoun to what
Definition
become permeable to Ca+2
Term
How do presynaptic vesicles release Ach: Depolarization causes the bouton to become permeable to Ca+2 allowing the vesicles to do what
Definition
fuse to the membrane
Term
Later, mature post synaptic elements synthesize what
Definition
acetylcholinesterase
Term
What are the 3 changes that occur in muscle cell secondary to innervation
Definition
redistribution of Ach receptors, formation of an endplate, Acetylcholinesterase synthesis
Term
Nerves release what on muscle cells throughout life to ensure the health of the muscle
Definition
neurotrophic substance
Term
After a nerve synapses with a muscle cell, what begins to form
Definition
nerve begins to form dendrites
Term
The muscle sends the nerve a message to begin to form dendrites via what
Definition
retrograde axonal transmission
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