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Intro to the Central Nervous System
N/A
59
Anatomy
Graduate
01/03/2012

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Cards

Term
What makes up the nervous system at a cellular level?
Definition
Neurons, their processes, and glia
Term
Soma or Perikaryon are alternate names for what?
Definition
Neuron cell body
Term
Thin, tube-like structures projecting from the soma are known as what?
Definition
Neurites
Term
What are the two kinds of neurites?
Definition
Dendrites and axons
Term
What neurite projects only a short distance from the soma and contain specialized protein receptors designed to receive signals from other cells?
Definition
Dendrites
Term
The dendritic branches of a single neuron are collectively known as a what?
Definition
Dendritic tree
Term
A singular projection of the soma that may extend a great distance within the nervous system is known as what structure?
Definition
Axon
Term
The small, elevation projecting from the soma that establishes the start of an axon is referred to as what?
Definition
Axon hillock
Term
The uninsulated portion of the axon following the axon hillock that is rich in voltage-gated sodium channels is  known as what?
Definition
Initial segment
Term
What specialized structure is found at the end of an axon?
Definition
Axon terminal (or terminal bouton)
Term
Intercellular connections between neurons containing small vesicles filled with neurotransmitters are known as what?
Definition
Synapses
Term
What are considered to be the supporting cells of the central nervous system, numbering up to 10x the amount of neurons
Definition
Glial cells (neuroglia)
Term
What are the functions of glial cells?
Definition
Regulation of the chemical milieu in the extracellular space, myelination of neurons, phagocytosis, repair, lining the ventricles of the brain
Term
Where is the central nervous system located?
Definition
Skull and veterbal column
Term
What are the segments of the CNS?
Definition
Cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem, spinal cord
Term
What is the primary processor of sensory information and the executor of responses?
Definition
Central nervous system
Term
The brain receives roughly how much cardiac output?
Definition
15-17%
Term
The brain receives roughly how much body oxygen?
Definition
20%
Term
Where does the orientation of the central axis of the nervous system change?
Definition
At the brainstem
Term
Above the brainstem, what word is used to refer to towards the front of the brain?
Definition
Rostral
Term

Above the brainstem, what word is used to refer to towards the back of the brain?

Definition
Caudal
Term

Above the brainstem, what word is used to refer to towards the bottom of the brain?

Definition
Ventral
Term

Above the brainstem, what word is used to refer to towards the top of the brain?

Definition
Dorsal
Term
At or bellow the brainstem, rostral refers to what direction?
Definition
Towards the cerebrum
Term

At or bellow the brainstem, caudal refers to what direction?

Definition
Toward the bttom of the spinal cord
Term

At or bellow the brainstem, ventral refers to what direction?

Definition
Toward the front
Term

At or bellow the brainstem, dorsal refers to what direction?

Definition
Toward the back
Term
Pathways and projections conducting toward a structure are known as what?
Definition
Afferent
Term
Pathways and projections conducting away from a structure are known as what?
Definition
Efferent
Term
The complex processing of sensory information and formulation of motor responses is performed where?
Definition
Cerebrum
Term
What must sensations reach in order to be consciously perceived?
Definition
Cerebral cortex
Term
What are the components of the cerebrum?
Definition
Diencephalon, two cerebral hemispheres, cerebral cortex (outer surface)
Term
What structures are contained in the two cerebral hemispheres of the cerebrum?
Definition
Gyri (ridges) and sulci (furrows)
Term
The internal fluid filled spaces of the cerebrum are known as what?
Definition
Ventricles
Term
What gives gray matter its light gray color?
Definition
High number of neuronal cell bodies
Term
What constitutes as gray matter?
Definition
Cortex and nuclei
Term
What gives white matter its lighter collor?
Definition
Myelinated axons
Term
What are the two primary white matter structures in the cerebrum?
Definition
Corpus callosum and the internal capsule
Term
What is the major pathway for axons crossing between the cerbral hemispheres?
Definition
Corpus callosum
Term
What is the major pathway between the cerebral hemispheres and more caudal structures such as the thalamus, brainstem, etc.
Definition
Internal capsule
Term
Gyri and sulci serve to perform what function?
Definition
Increase surface area of the cerebral cortex
Term
Deeper and more consistent sulci are known as what?
Definition
Fissures
Term
Primary fissures anatomically divide the cerebrum into what functional areas?
Definition
Lobes
Term
What is actively secreted by the brain within ventricles?
Definition
Cerebrospinal fluid
Term
What is the function of ventricles within the brain?
Definition
Float the brain within the cranial cavity
Term
What structure is the major relay and processing center for sensation and motor function, also known as a switchboard for most brain activity?
Definition
Thalamus
Term
The diencephalon is composed of what structures?
Definition
Hypothalamus, epithalamus, and subthalamus
Term
What area of the diencephalon is the primary center for autonomic nervous system regulation?
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
A group of nuclei in the brain that are involved in motor processing are known as what?
Definition
Basal ganglia
Term
What is involved in the consolidation of memory?
Definition
Hippocampal formation 
Term
Where is the hippocampal formation located?
Definition
Medial temporal lobe on each side of the brain
Term
What part of the brain uses complex sensory information to unconsciously modulate motor activity?
Definition
Cerebellum
Term
The CNS interface for most of the cranial nerves (PNS) providing first order processing of primary sensations as well as some special senses such as hearing and taste is known as what?
Definition
Brainstem
Term
Neurons found in the brainstem are associated with what types of signals?
Definition
Somatic motor and parasympathetic
Term
What are the primary divisions of the brain?
Definition
Midbrain, pons, medulla
Term
Nuclei for eye movement control through cranial nerves III and IV are found where?
Definition
Midbrain
Term
The major nuclei for communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum as well as nuclei for cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII are found where?
Definition
Pons
Term
Major nuclei associated with consciousness, autonomic control of heart rate and breathing, and nuclei for cranial nerves IX, X, XI, and XII are found where?
Definition
Medulla
Term
What forms the primary point of interface for the CNS with the body via periphery nerves?
Definition
Spinal cord
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