Term
| How are regional lymph nodes assessed for metastasis? |
|
Definition
Fine Needle Aspirate - histological exam
the physical exam does NOT decide whether to aspirate the lymph node (size, consistancy)
|
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of cancer therapy? |
|
Definition
Removal of all tumor cells - surgery
complete remission - no gross evidence of disease
palliation - improved quality of life
|
|
|
Term
| What is the only type of cancer that has been sucessfully cured without surgical interference? |
|
Definition
| Transmissible veneral of cats and dogs |
|
|
Term
| How often is response to cancer therapy assessed? |
|
Definition
| 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, 12 months post op |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cell found in lymphoma cytology? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an easy way to confirm a suspecious case of lymphoma in a dog? |
|
Definition
PCR testing
sensitivity 85% sensitive and 99% specific
(less specific in a cat) |
|
|
Term
| Why would you make sure to examine the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which type of cancer is best treated with chemotherapy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which is safe for cats: Cisplatin or carboplatin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 R's of radiation therapy? |
|
Definition
Repair
Redistribution
Reoxygenation
Repopulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| This is where radioactive materials are applied directly to the tumor. They are applied via wand - doesnt penetrate very far (superficial) |
|
|
Term
| How do you work up a cancer patient? |
|
Definition
- confirm histologically
- clinical staging
- assess for concurrent diseases
- select therapeutic options |
|
|
Term
| What is the cellular effect of cancer? |
|
Definition
it is an imbalance between proliferation and death rate.
Since it is a defect in cell physiology, cancer progresses from bad to worse.
Cancer arises from a faulty differentiation of stem cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the stem cell theory? |
|
Definition
There is a stem cell that undergoes genetic derangement and maintains replicative potential.
This cell replicates and causes cancer |
|
|
Term
Most tumors are (clonal or polyclonal) and
(homogenous or heterogenous)? |
|
Definition
Most tumors are clonal and heterogenous
So they are some a single cell type but because they are heterogenous there is a challenge in controlling the tumors |
|
|
Term
| What happens to cancer cells over time? |
|
Definition
| cancer cells become more anaplastic which makes them more resistant to apoptosis and then will have more rapid cycling. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 strategies cancer cells must acquireto overcome evolutionary anticancer techniques of the cell? |
|
Definition
1. Evasion of apoptosis
2. self-sufficiency in growth signals
3. Insensitivity to anti-growth signals
4. tissue invasions and metastasis
5. Limitless replicative potential
6. Sustained angiogenesis (need vascular support)
*inhibiting this is the foundation of anti-cancer therapy* |
|
|
Term
Non-metastatic, non-invasive and slow to moderate growth rate are characterisitics of:
Benign or Malignant tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Metatstatic, invasive, destructive and variable to rapid growth rate are characteristics of:
Benign or Metastatic tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a characteristic of benign tumors?
A) Abundant Stroma
B) Hyperchromatic
C) N:C ratio of 1:4-6
D) Encapsulation
E) Adequate blood supply |
|
Definition
B) hyperchromatic -
there is typically only normal amounts of chromatin in benign tumors |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is not a characteristic of malignant tumors?
A) Unrestricted growth
B) Scant stroma
C) N:C ratio of 1:1
D) Encapsulation
E) Pleomorphic cell size and shape |
|
Definition
Answer: D) encapsulation
malignant tumors are often unrestricted |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 classesof malignant neoplasms? |
|
Definition
SARCOMA (mesenchymal tumors)
CARCINOMA (epithelial tumors)
Round cell tumor |
|
|
Term
| What are tumors originating from connective tissue or stroma referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a tumor of epithelial origin referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a tumor originating from gladular epithelium referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which malignant tumor exfoliate the best?
A) Carcinomas
B) Sarcomas
C) Round Cell tumors |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
You preform a fine needle aspirate on a tumor, but it exfoliates poorly. Which type of tumor is most likely?
A) Carcinoma
B) Sarcoma
C) Round cell tumor |
|
Definition
B) sarcoma
they exfoliate poorly and can only be diagnosed by biopsy |
|
|
Term
| Where do Round cell tumors originate from? |
|
Definition
IMMUNE SYSTEM
lymphocytes, APCs, plasma cells, mast cells
|
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 major types of round cell tumors? |
|
Definition
Plasma cell tumors
transmissible venereal tumor
Histiocytoma
mast cell tumor
lymphoma |
|
|
Term
| At what size do tumors require their own vascular supply? |
|
Definition
| Angiogenesis occurs if the mass is greater than 0.5mm |
|
|
Term
| A 1 cm tumor is approximately how many cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When tumors metastasize hematogenously where do they most often end up? |
|
Definition
Lungs, liver, spleen
areas of tissues with high-density capillary beds |
|
|
Term
| When tumors invade the lymphatic system, where do they often metastasize? |
|
Definition
Aside from regional lymph nodes and vessels :
Spleen
bone marrow
(aites of high lymphatic activity) |
|
|
Term
| What are the different routes of metastasis? |
|
Definition
hematogenous
lymphatic invasion
Exfoliation
Seeding
Implantation |
|
|
Term
| Where do mammary tumors commonly metastasize? |
|
Definition
Regional lymph nodes
lungs
|
|
|
Term
Where do perineal or genitourinary tumors commonly metastasize?
|
|
Definition
sublumbar nodes
pelvic and caudal lumbar bones
lung
|
|
|
Term
Where do solid intestinal tumors commonly metastasize?
|
|
Definition
regional lymph nodes
peritoeal cavity
liver |
|
|
Term
Where do appendicular osteosarcomas commonly metastasize?
|
|
Definition
lung
regional lymph node
secondary osseous sites |
|
|
Term
Where do hemangiosarcomas of the spleen or subcutis commonly metastasize?
|
|
Definition
lung
heart (auricle)
liver
mesentery |
|
|
Term
Where do primary lung tumors commonly metastasize?
|
|
Definition
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes
secondary pulmonary sites |
|
|
Term
Where do insulinomas commonly metastasize?
|
|
Definition
liver
regional lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What is taken into consideration when clinically staging tumors? |
|
Definition
size of tumor
depth of penetration
invasion of adjacent organs
lymph node metastasis
distant organ spread
|
|
|
Term
| What are the methods for staging? |
|
Definition
Blood tests
histopathology
imaging |
|
|
Term
"Screening tests" are available for some cancers that are presented with no obvious mass.
Which is the best example of this? |
|
Definition
Bladder tumor antigen test
*only useful when negative* |
|
|
Term
Clinical staging involves determining TNM.
What does this stand for? |
|
Definition
T - measured tumor size
N - Lymph node status (aspiration)
M - Distant metastasis |
|
|
Term
| If a tumor is assessed as a squamous cell carcinoma T1aN0M0, what would this indicate? |
|
Definition
T1a - tumor less than 2cm, no bone involvement
N0- no node involvement
M0 - no distant metastasis |
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard of assessing lymph node metastasis? |
|
Definition
| Histopathologic examination of the entire lymph node |
|
|
Term
Lymph node metastasis can be diagnosed by palpation.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the goals of cancer therapy? |
|
Definition
Remove all tumor cells
remission with no gross evidence of disease
Prolonged remission
Palliation - improved quality of life
|
|
|
Term
| What factors determine a tumors overall response to therapy? |
|
Definition
Tumor type
histological pattern (grade)
location
Extent of disease
|
|
|
Term
| When do post-operative or post-radiation therapy patients need to be re-evaluated? |
|
Definition
| 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 9, and 12 months |
|
|
Term
| What are the most commonly available therapeutic options for cancer? |
|
Definition
Surgical incision
radiation therapy
Cryotherapy
laser
photodynamic
chemotherapy
immunotherapy-gene therapy
small molecule therapy |
|
|
Term
| What is the definitive treatment for solid, solidary, low grade tumors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When removing cancerous tumor surgically, what can lead to surgical failure? |
|
Definition
Incomplete resection
contamination of the site (from instruments or drains)
surgically induced tumor seeding
Metastatic disease (incomplete staging, agressive tumors)
|
|
|
Term
| What are the chances of remission for cases of properly treated lymphoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between a lymphoma and a lymphsarcoma? |
|
Definition
| Nothing, the terms can beused interchangably |
|
|
Term
| What are the differential diagnoses for lymphadenomegaly? |
|
Definition
Lymphoma
histiocytic sarcoma
metastatic neoplasia
lymphadentitis
(fungal, bacterial, parasitic, rickettsial infections)
immune mediated diseases |
|
|
Term
| Which breeds of dog are at higher risk of lymphoma? |
|
Definition
Boxers
St. bernard
scottish terrirt
rottweillers
retrievers
basset hounds
bulldogs
bullmastiffs
airedales |
|
|
Term
| Which breeds of dogs are at the lower risk for lymphoma? |
|
Definition
Dachshunds
pomeranians
pekingese
Min poodle |
|
|
Term
Exposure to 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid can increase the risk of what type of tumor in dogs? And what is 2,4 D?
|
|
Definition
It can increase the risk of lymphoma in dogs
it is a lawn treatment that is applied 4X a year |
|
|
Term
| What are some common extranodal locations of lymphoma in dogs? |
|
Definition
CNS
Skin
Liver
EYE - ocular involvement 40% |
|
|
Term
| What cell type is predominant in cytology of lymphomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which lymph nodes should be avoided in diagnosing lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| submandibular (superficial cervical) |
|
|
Term
| Which lymph nodes should be avoided in diagnosing lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| submandibular (superficial cervical) |
|
|
Term
| How can lymphoma be diagnosed? |
|
Definition
LN aspirate cytology
LN excision and histopathology
PCR |
|
|
Term
| PCR for lymphoma is more sensitive or more specific in dogs ?? |
|
Definition
More specific
PCR for lymphoma is 85% sensitive, but 99% specific |
|
|
Term
| How sensitive and specific are feline lymphoma PCR tests? How does this relate to the Canine PCR testing? |
|
Definition
Feline PCR is less sensitive (60%), but more specific (100%)
Dogs are 85% sensitive and 99% sensitive |
|
|
Term
| When collecting a sample for lymphoma PCR, which is better to collect: Effusions or Whole blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Elevated Ca2+ levels are associated with what type of lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| mediastinal form of lymphoma |
|
|
Term
Lymphoma is a systemic disease.
True or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are important aspects to remember when preforming a physical exam on a lymphoma dog? |
|
Definition
Palpate lymph nodes
examine eyes (for retinitis, anterior uveitis)
Palpate abdomen (for liver/spleen enlargement)
Thoracic ausculatation (rate/dyspnea) |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are most likely seen in the CBC of a lymphoma dog? |
|
Definition
Nonregenerative anemia of chronic dz
Non clinical thombocytopenia
circulating lymphoblasts
leukemia
elevated calcium |
|
|
Term
| When staging cancers, what is the difference between a substage a and a substage b? |
|
Definition
Substage a = well
Substage b = presenting sick |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common stage of canine lymphoma? |
|
Definition
Stage III
This is the generalized lymph node involvement |
|
|
Term
| If the liver is involved, but there is no generalized lymph node involvement, which stage of lymphoma is most likely? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 basic phenotypes of lymphoma? What are the difference between the two? |
|
Definition
B CELL - most common, better remission rate and length, better survival rate
T CELL - less common |
|
|
Term
| What factors have a negative effect on prognosis of canine lymphoma? |
|
Definition
T cell type
advanced clinical stage
subset b
hypercalcemia
younger dog
pretreatment with prednisone
anemia
multidrug resistance (p-Gp)
extranodal location |
|
|
Term
| What factors have a positive outcome on prognosis in canine lymphoma? |
|
Definition
lower body weight (<15 kg)
B cell immunophenotype
response to therapy
female
low histolytic grade
deit high in n-3 fatty acids
indolent histologic subtype |
|
|
Term
| Survival rate would be better with a dog with Acute or Chronic lymphoblastic lymphoma? |
|
Definition
Chronic
the acute form has a very poor survival rate |
|
|
Term
| What is the UW-Madison short protocol for treating canine lymphoma? |
|
Definition
Week 1 - vincristine, pred
week 2 - cyclophosphamide, pred
Week 3 - Vincristine, less pred
week 4 - doxorubicin, even less pred
week 6 - repeat weeks 1-4
week 9 - 24 every other week |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common distribution of feline lymphoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breed of cat is at an increased risk for lymphoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Younger cats are more likely to have which subset of lymphoma? |
|
Definition
T cell
this is the worse type as well
so there is a poor prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Older cats are more likely to have which subset of lymphoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What risks increase the chances of lymphoma in a cat? |
|
Definition
retroviral infections
living with a smoker |
|
|
Term
| When diagnosing a cat for lymphoma, which blood tests should be included in the work up? |
|
Definition
CBC, Biochemistry
T4
FeLV
FIV
(also Urine analysis) |
|
|
Term
| Which species is more likely to have extranodal forms of lymphoma: cats or dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species is more likely to have extranodal forms of lymphoma: cats or dogs? |
|
Definition
cats
most likely GI (small cell) |
|
|
Term
| What is the best predictor of prognosis in a cat with lymphoma? |
|
Definition
| Response to initial treatment |
|
|
Term
Which cat would have the worst prognosis?
A) GI lymphoma
B) Spinal Cord Lymphoma
C) Nasal lymphoma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species is more likely to have hypercalcemia as a paraneoplastic symptom of lymphoma : cat or dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
FeLV positive lymphoma cats have lower remission rate and shorter survival time than FeLV negative lymphoma cats.
True or False? |
|
Definition
FALSE
Although the survival time is shorter, the remission rate is the same |
|
|
Term
Which lymphoma has the best prognosis in cats:
A) Low grade , Large cell, nasal
B) High grade, small cell, nasal
C) High grade, large cell, spinal
D) Low grade, small cell, spinal
E) Low grade, small cell, GI
F) Low grade, large cell, GI |
|
Definition
Answer:E)
low grade, small cell GI |
|
|
Term
What is a differential diagnosis for GI lymphoma in a cat?
How is this differentiated? |
|
Definition
IBD
pathologic identity of invaded muscularis and immunophenotyping |
|
|
Term
Which of the following pretreatment drugs will NOT help in feline lymphoma?
A) prednisone
B) valium
C) dexdomitor
D) Mitrazapine |
|
Definition
Answer: A) prednisone
B) & C) can be used to sedate a cat when treating for lymphoma
D)mitrazapine is a tricyclic antidepressant which can increase appetite |
|
|
Term
| When was the x-ray discovered and by who? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
In radiation therapy: alpha particles, beta particles and gamma rays are transferred (as energy) into target cells of the body to disrupt normal cell processes.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Overlapping gamma radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum |
|
|
Term
Linear accelerators have xrays that are not able to penetrate deeply and can only be used to determine a small range of tumors.
True or False? |
|
Definition
FALSE
linear accelerators produce deeply penetrating xrays that can grant accessibility to a wide variety of tumor types. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between direct and indirect cellular alterations from ionizing radiation? |
|
Definition
Direct: alterations from ionization affects DNA and associated structures
Indirect: DNA alterations caused by ions and free radicals generated from interaction of radiation with water and oxygen within the cell. |
|
|
Term
| What are the alterations that radiation can cause to DNA (and associated structures)? |
|
Definition
H2- bond breakage
Double stranded break
Pyrimidine dimer
DNA cross-linkage
Cross linkage
protein cross linkage
single strand break
Base loss
Base change |
|
|
Term
| What is the most difficult type of damage from radiation for cells to repair? Why? |
|
Definition
Double strand break
this leaves the cell with no DNA template to reconstruct with
this causes the DNA to be erroneously attached in an attempt to repair it. |
|
|
Term
| Why are tumor cells more susceptible to radiation damage to DNA? |
|
Definition
1)Abnormal (tumor) cells have a decreased ability to correct DNA damage = apoptosis = cell death = yay!
2) neoplastic cells typically divide more rapidly - DNA during replication is most sensitive to radiation |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is most sensitive to radiation?
A) Reproductive organs
B) Skin
C) Blood-forming organs
D) Bone and teeth
E) Muscle
F) Nervous system |
|
Definition
| Answer:C) Blood forming organs are the most sensitive to radiation |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 R's of radiation? |
|
Definition
1) Repair (neoplastic cells have trouble with this)
2) Redistribution/reassortment (death of susceptible stages - movement to susceptibility over time)
3) Reoxygenation (oxygen consumed in radiation to form free radicals, needs to reperfuse)
4) Repopulation (normal tissue needs to recover) |
|
|
Term
| How are radiation doses measured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the methods of radiation delivery ? |
|
Definition
1) Intra-tumor/ tissue rad
- radioisotope therapy
- brachytherapy
- plesiotherapy
2) external beam radiation
- orthovoltage
- megavoltage |
|
|
Term
What is radioisotope therapy?
What is an example of its use? |
|
Definition
Radioactive element ingested/injected and will accumulate in desired area - tissue absorption (intra-tumor/tissue radiation)
IE.I-131 in treating hyperthyoidism of cats with thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common radiation treatment for cats with hyperthyroidism from thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia? |
|
Definition
| I-131 radioisotope therapy |
|
|
Term
What is Brachytherapy?
What is an example of its use? |
|
Definition
direct application of radioactive material to the superficial tissue/tumors (intratumor/tissue.
Mostly in the form of metallic implants of iridium 192.
IE. cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of cat and cattle,
prostate tumors of men |
|
|
Term
| What type of therapy involves the placement of a small metallic implant of iridium 192 in a tumor/skin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What radiation therapy is most commonly used to treat cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the cat and cattle? |
|
Definition
Brachytherapy
iridium 192 implant
(in cats of SCC of the nasal plantum - plesiotherapy) |
|
|
Term
What is plesiotherapy?
What is an example of its use? |
|
Definition
Direct application of radioactive source to target tissue, most commonly stronium 90 probe.
IE. superficial ocular lesions of cats,
superficial squamous cell carcinoma of the nasal plantum of cats |
|
|
Term
| What method of radiation involves direct application of a radioactive source (strontium 90 probe) onto target tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is orthovoltage radiation therapy? |
|
Definition
| External beam radiation that is best for superficial tumors that require protection of important underlying structures (like lung, liver, brain) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major disadvantage of using orthovoltage? |
|
Definition
| Causes intense skin reaction because of the high amount of energy being absorbed in the first few centimeters of outer tissues |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cobalt 60 and Linear accelerators
have best tissue penetration |
|
|
Term
| What kind of tumors are the best candidates for radiation therapy? |
|
Definition
SMALL masses
periphery of solidary masses
associated regional lymph nodes
Tumors of : Brain, Nasal cavity, Oral cavity, trunk/limb |
|
|
Term
| What locations of tumors are best candidates for radiation therapy? |
|
Definition
Brain
Nasal Cavity
Oral Cavity
Trunk/limb |
|
|
Term
| Why is radiation often the most practical therapy for brain tumors? |
|
Definition
Chemotherapy agents hampered by BBB
Surgery may be more difficult (harder to access) |
|
|
Term
| What are the side effects associated with radiation of brain tumors? |
|
Definition
acute: temporary demyelination, Increased intracranial pressure
LATE side effects: (need to be differentiated from regrowth)
necrosis and fibrosis of affected tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common tumor of the nasal cavity? How can it be treated? |
|
Definition
CARCINOMAS
can be treated with radiation therapy |
|
|
Term
| Which nasal tumors respond best to radiation therapy? |
|
Definition
| chondrosarcomas and nasal lymphomas |
|
|
Term
| Which oral tumors respond well to radiation? |
|
Definition
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
fibrosarcoma (less responsive) |
|
|
Term
| What trunk/extremity tumors are most responsive to radiation? |
|
Definition
| Invasion tumors: vaccine-induced sarcomas, nerve sheath tumors |
|
|
Term
| What are the early effects associated with radiation therapy? |
|
Definition
Transient demyelination
Mucositis (tender mouth, diarrhea)
Hair loss
pigmentation changes in skin
desquamation (flaky skin)
Many acute eye effects, delayed healing |
|
|
Term
| Oral mucositis is an early side effect of radiation therapy, how can it be treated? |
|
Definition
| low salt diets, supplemental feeding, subQ fluids |
|
|
Term
| What are the late effects associated with radiation therapy? |
|
Definition
Cataracts, retinal atrophy
necrosis
associated edema that is unresponsive to steroids
fibrosis
loss of function
death |
|
|
Term
| What is the typical presentation of lymphoma in dogs? |
|
Definition
Non painful lymph node enlargement
(this is usually generalized, stage III) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lymphocyte cells that are 4-6 times the size of a RBC
These are found on the histology of lymphomas |
|
|
Term
| What is a hemangiosarcoma? |
|
Definition
highly metastatic malignancy of vascular endothelial cells
Most commonly arises from subQ tissue, spleen, liver, right atrium |
|
|
Term
| What is the least aggressive form of hemangiosarcoma? |
|
Definition
| The superficial (epidermal) form that is common in the pink skin of sunbathing whippets, pit bulls and dalmations. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common hemangiosarcoma in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hemangiosarcoma is most common in what breeds of dogs? |
|
Definition
German shepards
golden retrievers
labrador retrievers
dobermans
boxers
other large breeds |
|
|
Term
| Hemangiosarcoma is most common in what breeds of dogs? |
|
Definition
German shepards
golden retrievers
labrador retrievers
dobermans
boxers
other large breeds |
|
|
Term
| How common are metastasis of hemangiosarcomas? |
|
Definition
VERY COMMON
80% of dogs have a metastasis with splenic hemangiosarcomas |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common clinical presentation of hemangiosarcoma in the dog? |
|
Definition
Signs of a bleeding splenic mass
acute weakness, collapse, pallor, exercise intolerance, abdominal effusion/mass, hypovolemic shock |
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical presentation of canine cardiac hemangiosarcomas? |
|
Definition
Signs from hemorrhage of mass
- muffled heart sounds
- vent premature contractions
- tachycardia
- hypotension
- pericardial effusion |
|
|
Term
| What are some differentials for splenic hemangiosarcoma? |
|
Definition
mast cell tumor
hematoma
extramedullary hematopoeisis
nodular regeneration of the spleen
sarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common causes for spleen enlargement in the cat? |
|
Definition
hepatic adenoma/adenocarcinoma
hematoma |
|
|
Term
| Where is the primary site for hemangiosarcoma in cats? |
|
Definition
spleen
cutaneous/subQ tissue |
|
|
Term
| Which diagnostic techniques are not recommended with potential hemangiosarcomas? |
|
Definition
Palpation - they are very friable and can rupture
Fine needle aspirate - may increase bleeding |
|
|
Term
| How should a splenic mass be diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Histopath
Send the whole spleen in |
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for splenic hemagiosarcoma? |
|
Definition
Splenectomy
right atrial appendage removal
and removal of any subcutaneous masses
ALSO systemic therapy because they are almost always metastatic |
|
|
Term
| What are some negative prognostic factors of hemangiosarcomas? |
|
Definition
presence of hemoabdomen
multiple splenic nodules |
|
|
Term
| What proteins are important in sustaining tumor growth by initiating angiogenesis? |
|
Definition
VEGF- vascular endothelial growth factor
bFGF - basic fibroblast growth factor
Together these activate endothelial cells |
|
|
Term
| What type of chemotherapy treatment can be given to help inhibit angiogenesis? |
|
Definition
| LOW DOSE (1/10th) chemotherapy of cyclophosphamide |
|
|
Term
| Most oral tumors are: Malignant or benign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the cat, what can increase the risk or oral squamous cell carcinomas? |
|
Definition
Living with smokers
eating canned tuna
eating canned cat food
Wearing flea collars |
|
|
Term
| In dogs, what factors may increase their risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
urban environment - 10X tonsillar
White dogs - lingual SCC
Papillomavirus |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common oral tumors of the dog? |
|
Definition
Malignant melanoma
then acanthomatous ameloblastoma (epulus)
SCC
Fibosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common oral tumors of the cat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Salivary gland tumors are most often benign, in both cat and dog.
True or False? |
|
Definition
FALSE
They are almost always Malignant in both cats and dogs |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical presentations of oral tumors? |
|
Definition
Gingival swelling with oral ulceration most common
- inappetence
- facial mass
- lumps under jaw (dogs)
- facial swelling below eye/along jaw (cat)
- drooling (ptyalism)
- pawing at face
- bloody discharge, blood on food
- tooth loss
- bad breath (halitosis) |
|
|
Term
A biopsy should be preformed of any suspicious-looking proliferations in the mouth during routine dental prophylaxis.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What the differential diagnoses for oral tumors? |
|
Definition
More often infectious than tumor
tooth root abscess
fingal disease
SCC
Melanoma
fibrosarcoma
acanthomatous amelblastoma
osteosarcoma
plasma cell tumor
granulomatous disease
exuberant gingival hyperplasia |
|
|
Term
| What are the differential diagnoses for an enlarged salivary gland in the dog? |
|
Definition
Mucocoele
sialadentitis
adenocarinoma |
|
|
Term
| What are the differential diagnoses for a cat with a mass under the tongue ? |
|
Definition
Foreign body (look for string/needle)
SCC
fungal infection
calicivirus |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of corticol bone loss must occur before bone lysis will be evident on radiograph? |
|
Definition
| 40% of the corticol bone must be lost for it to begin to appear radiographically |
|
|
Term
| What is the most accurate method in determining extent of oral tumors? |
|
Definition
CT scan
CT can also detect spread to regional lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What is the most accurate method in determining extent of oral tumors? |
|
Definition
CT scan
CT can also detect spread to regional lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
The WHO staging system is used in canine oral melanomas. If a tumor was stage II, then it would be:
a) <2cm diameter, negative lymph nodes
b) <2cm diameter, positive lymph nodes
c) 2-4cm diameter, negative lymph nodes
d) 2-4cm diameter, positive lymph nodes |
|
Definition
Answer: C) stage II tumors =
2-4cm diameter, negative regional lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors of oral tumors that indicate a poor prognosis? |
|
Definition
metastasis to lymph nodes or lungs
large sized tumor
incomplete surgical excision
caudal location within mouth
bone lysis underlying tumor
high histological grade |
|
|
Term
| When histologicaly evaluating tumors, what phase of cell cycle is most concerning because of metastatic potential? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of a dog's tongue can be removed without inhibiting its ability to eat/drink effectively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the treatments for oral lesions? |
|
Definition
Surgical excision
radiation therapy (if non adequate closure or deep penetration)
Cyrodurgery - small, non bone invading lesion. |
|
|
Term
Oral melanomas are likely cured through surgical excision alone because metastasis is uncommon.
True or False? |
|
Definition
FALSE
oral melanomas are likely to metastasize
and because of this, surgery should be combined with additional therapy |
|
|
Term
Squamous cell carcinomas are radiation responsive and will be cured if small.
True or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Radiation alone can be used to treat acanthomatous ambeloblastomas, and this carries a high survival rate.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When should radiation be used on oral fibrosarcomas? |
|
Definition
| Only if surgery was first preformed leaving only microscopic disease. Fibrosarcomas are otherwise poorly responsive to radiation therapy |
|
|
Term
Oral malignant melanoma is radiation sensitive, so adequate radiation therapy would leave a dog with a good prognosis.
True or False? |
|
Definition
FALSE
melanomas are radiation sensitive
but are also highly metastatic, so animals have a guarded prognosis and most often die of metastatic disease. |
|
|
Term
| How wide should margins be when removing oral melanomas? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanomas are highly metastatic. What can be done asides from radiation therapy and surgery to extend survival rates? |
|
Definition
Merial melanoma vaccine
(xenogenic DNA vaccine)
Tyrosinase vaccine
(human tyrosinase which is involved in melanin synthesis and will be found in malignant melanocytes) |
|
|
Term
| What is the Xenogenic DNA vaccine used against malignant oral melanoma of dogs? |
|
Definition
| It is a vaccine that inject DNA from a different species that codes for a similar protein. Body produces antigens (overcoming reluctance of self-antigens) and stimulates immune response. |
|
|
Term
What is the tyrosinase vaccine?
How is it used? |
|
Definition
It is a human tyrosinase that is injected into dogs with oral malignant melanoma. It is used to target malignant melanocytes that use tyrosinase to synthesize melanin.
this amounts an immune response to the enzyme helping to destroy tumor cells. |
|
|
Term
Prognosis of dogs with squamous cell carcinoma of the caudal tongue us grave.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Low grade oral fibrosarcomas of the dog behave: less aggressively or more aggressively than high grade fibrosarcomas? |
|
Definition
MORE aggressively
fibrosarcomas dont fit the rule!!
Low grade tumors behave more aggressively than high grade ones! |
|
|
Term
What is the most common nasal tumor of the dog?
What about the cat? |
|
Definition
Most common nasal tumor of the dog: adenocarcinoma
Cat: lymphoma (less frequently adenocarcinoma) |
|
|
Term
| What are some risk factors for nasal tumors in dogs? |
|
Definition
Dolichocephalic (long nosed)
Males more frequently affected
living in urban areas
exposure to flea sprays
indoor kerosene/coal heaters
owners smoke |
|
|
Term
| Clinical signs of nasal tumors often relate to the respiratory tract. What other symptoms may be found? |
|
Definition
NEUROLOGIC (primary)
like seizures, paresis
this is because it invades teh cribiform plate and get to the brain |
|
|
Term
| What are some paraneoplastic disorders associated with nasal tumors? |
|
Definition
Rare
erythrocytosis
mild non regenerative anemia
immune mediate thrombocytopenia
hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the differential diagnoses for nasal tumors? |
|
Definition
inflammatory disorders
bacterial rhinitis
fungal rhinitis
parasitic rhinitis
foreign body
tooth root abscess
inflammatory polyp |
|
|
Term
| What differentials should be considered when presented with epistaxis? |
|
Definition
Coagulopathy
secondary coagulopathy
vascular disorder
...then nasal tumors |
|
|
Term
Evaluation of oral and nasal tumors almost always require anesthesia.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why should a coagulation screen be run before evaluating the nasal cavity for tumors? |
|
Definition
1) more likely epistaxis (f presented) is caused by coagulatopathy than tumor
2) Nasal cavity = HIGHLY VASCULARIZED
hemostasis may be difficult as is, so if there is a clotting issue, it may make it worse |
|
|
Term
| What are the most diagnostic radiographic views for tumors of the nasal cavity? |
|
Definition
Open-mouth (dorsoventral intraoral)
frontal sinus (rostrocaudal /"skyline" views) |
|
|
Term
Flushing and evaluation of nasal exudate can be helpful in diagnosing nasal tumors.
True or False? |
|
Definition
FALSE
there is lots of normal bacterial flora present in the nose, or there may be a secondary bacterial infection from the primary disease |
|
|
Term
| The nasal cavity is highly vascular. What should be done prior to collecting histologic samples of the nasal cavity to prevent aspiration pneumonia (from hemorrhage)? |
|
Definition
Pack caudal pharynx with gauze
Inflate the ETT cuff |
|
|
Term
| When biopsying nasal cavity tumors: If a catheter is inserted into the medial canthus of the eye, what important structure may it perforate? |
|
Definition
Cribiform plate
(and get into the brain, ew) |
|
|
Term
Aspergillus and/or penicillum are normal findings on fungal cultures of the canine nasal cavity.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which is more effective when evaluating nasal cavity tumors?
A) retroflex endoscope around soft palate
B) Endoscopy through external nares
C) Fiberoptic endoscopy through external nares |
|
Definition
Answer: A)
visualization of nasal tumors thorugh external nares are almost always unrewarding |
|
|
Term
| What is the best treatment option for most dogs with nasal tumors? |
|
Definition
Radiation therapy
(chemotherapy can be the sole treatment in dogs with nasal lymphoma and transmissible veneral tumors) |
|
|
Term
Retroviral testing should be part of the minimum database in cats suspected of having a nasal tumor.
True or False? |
|
Definition
TRUE
the most common nasal tumor in the cat is lymphoma, which retrovirus infection can be a prognostic determinant |
|
|
Term
What is piroxicam?
Why is used in cancer therapy? |
|
Definition
It is an NSAID
used in cancer therapy because it decreases clinical signs and is potentially useful for anti-tumor activity.
It also doesnt require monitoring and it relatively inexpensive ($30/mon) and owners can administer at home |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis and survival rate of dogs with nasal carcinomas? |
|
Definition
POOR
usually euthanized within 3-6 months |
|
|
Term
| What are some factors that will increase the prognosis of a canine nasal tumor? |
|
Definition
minimal tumor invasion (away from the eye)
radiation treatment
sarcomas (better than carcinomas, slower growing)
metastasis
regional lymph node invasion |
|
|
Term
| Why do nasal tumors carry a generally poor prognosis? |
|
Definition
| They are often found late in teh course of the disease and by this point there is invasion and large tumor burden and possible metastasis |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common paraneoplastic disorder in veterinary medicine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is hypercalcemia accurately determined? |
|
Definition
Blood measurement of ionized calcium
(this is the biologically active form)
total serum concentrations are considered elevated above 12 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
| Which tumors are associated with hypertrophic osteopathy as a paraneoplastic disorder? |
|
Definition
Primary lung tumors
rhabdomyosarcoma (bladder0
esophageal sarcomas
pulmonary metastasis
carcinomas (esp renal and pulmonary)
hepatic adenocarcinoma
renal papillary adenoma (cat) |
|
|
Term
| Hypercalcemia is most commonly associated with what types of tumors in dogs? |
|
Definition
LYMPHOMA
apocrine gland (anal sac) adenocarcinomas
multiple myeloma
thymoma
(but is seen with many more) |
|
|
Term
| Hypercalcemia is most associated with what type of tumors in cats? |
|
Definition
Parathyroid adenoma
(lymphoma and SCC as well, but less) |
|
|
Term
| Decreased sensitivity to ADH is a paraneoplastic syndrome seen in cats and dogs. What are the common clinical signs of this? |
|
Definition
CATS: Anorexia
DOGS: PU/PD
Both: less common effects - nausea, vomiting, muscle weakness, seizures, bradycardia, constipation |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms that result in hypercalcemia of malignancy? |
|
Definition
Tumor production of PTHrP (parathyroid hormone related protein)
TNF, interleukins, colony stimulating factors, and osteoclast activating factors = osteolysis as well |
|
|
Term
| How is hypercalcemia of malignancy treated? |
|
Definition
| By managing the tumor that is producing the hormone like substance that is producing the hypercalcemia |
|
|
Term
| Hypercalcemia of malignancy is most often treated by managing the tumor. When would direct treatment of the paraneoplastic disorder be indicated? How is it treated then? |
|
Definition
If clinical signs exceed PU/PD
total calcium >16-18
CaXPO4 product >70
Volume expansion, correct dehydration, stimulate calciuresis (0.9% NaCl)
furosemide can be used once adequately hydrated |
|
|
Term
| When does soft tissue mineralization begin to occur? Which tissues are most sensitive to this? |
|
Definition
total calcium >16-18 or CaXPO4 product >70
tissues most at risk:
kidneys
nervous system
heart |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of paraneoplastic hypoglycemia in dogs? |
|
Definition
insulinoma
(tumor of pancreatic islet cells secreting insulin) |
|
|
Term
| What are the differential diagnoses for hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
Lab error
liver disease
sepsis
adrenal cortical insufficiency
paraneoplastic hypoglycemia |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
weakness
seizures
lethargy
tremorsbehavioral changes
coma
death |
|
|
Term
| Why may a dog with a blood glucose concentration of 40 mg/dl not have any clinical signs of hypoglycemia? |
|
Definition
Because it could be chronic
if a tumor is present for a long time, the animal could have adapted to the increasingly lower glucose levels over time |
|
|
Term
| How is hypoglycemia accurately confirmed? |
|
Definition
| measuring blood insulin levels when blood glucose is less than 60 mg/dl |
|
|
Term
| Paraneoplastic hypoglycemia is most associated with what types of tumors? |
|
Definition
Insulinomas
hepatocellular carcinomas |
|
|
Term
| How is paraneoplastic hypoglycemia treated? |
|
Definition
(presuming the animal is stable)
Surgical Excision of the tumor
otherwise low glucose containgin fluids, 20% dextrose IV bolus |
|
|
Term
Increased metastasis is directly related to decrease in prognosis.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of paraneoplastic hyperestrogenism? |
|
Definition
| Sertoli cell tumor (testicular tumor, most often of undescended testicles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common type of anemia found in patients with cancer? |
|
Definition
Non-significant
anemia of chronic inflammatory disease
(normochromic, normocytic, and non regenerative)
Most often doesnt require a blood transfusion |
|
|
Term
Clinically significant anemia is a negative prognostic factor in dogs with cancer.
True or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia? |
|
Definition
DIC
(fragmentation of RBC caused by fibrin strands within the blood vessels) |
|
|
Term
| Disseminate intravascular coagulopathies are common with what type of tumor in the dog? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Immune mediated hemolytic anemia is found most commonly with what type of tumors in dogs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Aplastic anemia of malignancy is caused by what mechanisms? |
|
Definition
- estrogen effects of sertoli cell tumors or myelopthisis
- crowding of normal cell precursoes by tumor cells
- depression of production of RBC because of tumor made cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Paraneoplastic leukocytosis is associated with which types of tumors? |
|
Definition
renal tubular carcinoma
hemangiosarcoma
rectal adenomatous polyp
metastatic fibrosarcoma |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common hematologic abnormality in dogs with lymphoma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
Immune mediate destruction
consumed by DIC or frank hemorrhage
sequestering in spleen or vasculature of large tumors
hyperestrogenism
depressed bone marrow production |
|
|
Term
| DIC is most commonly seen with which types of tumors? |
|
Definition
HEMANGIOSARCOMAS
metastatic advanced mammary gland adenocarcinoma |
|
|
Term
What type of tumor is associated with hyperviscosity paraneoplastic syndrome?
What causes the increased serum viscosity? |
|
Definition
Plasma cell tumor
- these tumors snthesize a large quantity of paraprotein
these immunoglobulin producing tumors increase serum viscosity |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs associated with hyperviscosity syndrome? |
|
Definition
Coagulopathies
retinal hemorrhage
dementia
depression
heart failure
nephropathies
ataxia, seizures
bleeding
renal failure |
|
|
Term
| What are the differential diagnoses for hyperglobulinemia? |
|
Definition
multiple myeloma
paraneoplastic hyperviscosity syndrome
erlichiosis
lymphoma
chronic infection
cold agglutin disease
lymphoid neoplasms |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main mechanisms that cause paraneoplastic polcythemia? |
|
Definition
Inappropriate secretion of erythropoietin
secretion of erythropoietin like factors by tumors
hypoxemia of tissues |
|
|
Term
In dogs with paraneopplastic polycythemia, erythropoietin levels are increase, blood oxygen is decreased, and there is decreased renal function.
True or false? |
|
Definition
FALSE
althogh erythropoietin levels are elevated, blood oxygen and renal function remain normal |
|
|
Term
| How do tumors produce energy? |
|
Definition
They preferentially metabolize glucose for energy via krebs cycle. This results in a net energy loss to the patient.
protein is degraded to replace glucose, resulting in muscle wasting |
|
|
Term
| Why might a dog with cancer have altered amino acid profiles? |
|
Definition
| cancer cachexia - when tumors use up glucose stores they break down proteins (muscle wasting) |
|
|
Term
Argininge and omega 3 fatty acid supplementation has no shown effect on survival of dogs with cancer.
True or false? |
|
Definition
FALSE
they have been shown to improve the survival in dogs with cancer |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat hypertrophic osteopathy? |
|
Definition
remove the primary disease (tumor)
this will allow the bone to resolve |
|
|
Term
| What causes paraneoplastic fever? |
|
Definition
IL-1 production by tumor activated macrophages
IL1 produced by tumor
IL6
TNF alpha
Interferons
prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
The most common causes of fever are infection and immune mediated diseases, not cancer.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With cancer patients, what temperature should antipyretics be used? |
|
Definition
| only if fever reachs 106F or more |
|
|
Term
| Bilateral symmetrical alopecia of the ventrum and limbs is associated with what type of tumors in cats? |
|
Definition
Pancreatic carcinoma
liver metastases |
|
|
Term
| Superficial neoclytic dermatitis is associated with dogs that have what type of tumor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Exfoliative dermatitis is associated with what type of tumor in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Myasthenia gravis is reported with what tumor types in cats and dogs? |
|
Definition
Lymphoma
hepatic tumors
**thymoma** |
|
|
Term
| What are transitional cell carcinomas? |
|
Definition
| epithelial cell tumors of the bladder |
|
|
Term
| What signalment and breed of dog is at risk for transitional cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
Female dogs
scottish terriers
shetland sheep dogs
West highland white terriers
airedales
beagles
collies |
|
|
Term
Transitional cell carcinomas are more common in female cats and dogs.
True or false? |
|
Definition
FALSE
It is true that transitional cell carcinomas are more common in female dogs, but there is no gender predilection in cats. Cats rarely get these though. |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of transitional cell carcinomas in dogs? |
|
Definition
blood in the urine (hematuria)
painful urination (stranguria)
overactive bladder (pollakiuria)
renal insufficiency
abdominal pain
bone pain |
|
|
Term
| Why are rectal exams important in all dogs suspected of having a transitional cell carcinoma? |
|
Definition
| Prostate and urethra are commonly involved |
|
|
Term
| What are some metastatic lesions and paraneoplastic disorders associated with transitional cell carcinomas? |
|
Definition
thoracic metastasis (LUNG)
hypertrophic osteopathy
regional lymph node invasion
vertebral body metastasis |
|
|
Term
Urine sediment alone can be diagnostic in canine cases of transitional cell carcinoma.
True or False?
Why or why not? |
|
Definition
TRUE
Veterinary bladder tumor antigen test is available to detect TCC |
|
|
Term
| The veterinary bladder tumor antigen test can diagnose transitional cell carcinomas in dogs, but its can produce false negatives or false positives? why? |
|
Definition
It can produce false postives when there is urinary tract infection and inflammation
*serves as a good screening test* |
|
|
Term
| How should biopsies of transitional cell carcinomas be collected? |
|
Definition
traumatic urethral catheterization
tumor cells can be transplanted into the abdomen if a needle biopsy is preformed |
|
|
Term
Transitional cell carcinomas are never completely excised, so surgical excision is not a good method of treatment.
True or false? |
|
Definition
FALSE
surgical excision is still appropriate as long as it is it resecable.
this will decrease tumor burden, improve quality of life and decrease paraneoplastic disorder occurrence. |
|
|
Term
Prognosis of transitional cell carcinomas are poor, despite use of chemotherapy, radiation and surgical excision with clean margins.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The majority of feline mammary gland tumors are malignant.
True or false? |
|
Definition
TRUE
85-90% are malignant
this is in comparison to dogs where only about 50% are malignant |
|
|
Term
Mammary tumors are a more significant disease in cats or dogs?
Why? |
|
Definition
CATS
this is because there is a greater chance of malignancy (85-90%) and they are almost always metastatic to the lungs and regional lymph nodes.
This is in comparison to dogs, where only 50% of cases are malignant, and there is a variable range of metastasis |
|
|
Term
| What signalment and breed of dogs are more predisposed to mammary tumors? |
|
Definition
UNSPAYED FEMALE
~8-10 yo
german shepard
cocker spaniels
dachshunds
poodles
yorkshire terriers
(purebred dogs) |
|
|
Term
| How do hormones play a role in the development of mammary tumors? |
|
Definition
Progestins = hyperplasia and benign tumors
progesterone tx (to control estrus)= increased risk of benign and malignant mammary tumors
By spaying females = sparing effect on malignant Mammary tumors |
|
|
Term
| What would decrease the risk of malignant mammary tumors to nearly zero? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are differential diagnoses for mammary gland enlargement ? |
|
Definition
Mammary gland swelling from pseudocyesis
lactation
hyperplasia
mastitis
cutaneous lymphoma
mast cell tumors |
|
|
Term
| What are the three main types of mammary cell tumors? How would they present histologically? |
|
Definition
Adenocarcinomas - epithelial (this is most common form)
Inflammatory carcinomas - epithelial and mononuclear/ ploymorphic cells
sarcomas - mesenchymal (poor prognosis) |
|
|
Term
| Why do dogs with inflammatory mammary carcinomas respond well to piroxicam? |
|
Definition
Piroxicam is a NSAID
It inhibits COX2 which induces conversion to prostaglandins (which would increase tumors) and COX2 supresses apoptosis and promotes angiogenesis, proliferation and tumor invasion.
Inflammatory mammary carcinomas expres more COX2, so inhibiting it would prevent that cascade. |
|
|
Term
Radiation therapy is not usually helpful in treating mammary tumors.
True or False? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some negative prognostic factors associated with canine mammary tumors? |
|
Definition
older dogs = more malignant
inflammatory mammary gland carcinoma =short survival
larger dogs
rapidly growing tumors
tumor ulceration
metastasis (lymph node)
6month duration of tumor
sarcomas = more aggressive
lack of lymphoid reactivity |
|
|
Term
IN regards to mammary tumors: SIZE MATTERS.
True or False? |
|
Definition
True
size = most important indicator of prognosis |
|
|
Term
| Which gene kinase expression in cats indicates a decreased prognosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breed of dog is more at risk for a mast cell tumor? |
|
Definition
*BOXER*
Shar-peis (agressive and non responsive)
Bulldogs
basset hounds
Weimeraners
boston terriers, scottish terriers
beagles
pointers
Goldens
Labs
German short hair pointers |
|
|
Term
All Mass cell tumors should be considered malignant.
True or false? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mast cells are granulated. What do their granules contain? |
|
Definition
Histamine
heparin
chondrotin sulfate
Platelet activating factor
tumor necrosis factor alpha
prostaglandin D2
leukotrine C4
acid hydrolases
IL5, IL6
cathepsin G1
carboxypeptidases
tryptase |
|
|
Term
| What effect does histamine have on GI motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are thoracic radiographs not part of a basic workup of a mast cell tumor, unless the tumor is located on the thorax? |
|
Definition
| The chance of lung metastasis is low, it is more likely that it would metastasize to the liver, spleen and lymph nodes first |
|
|
Term
| In which species can a fine needle aspirate be diagnostic of a mast cell tumor? |
|
Definition
DOGS
feline mast cell tumors do not granulate as well
REGARDLESS FNA should still be preformed on all patients |
|
|
Term
| What is the most treatment therapy for mast cell tumors? |
|
Definition
| Surgical excision and radiation therapy |
|
|
Term
| What are the most important factors for assessing prognosis of mast cell tumors? |
|
Definition
Clinical stage
**histological grade ** most important
location |
|
|
Term
| When is chemotherapy indicated for dogs with mast cell tumors? |
|
Definition
Disseminated disease
grade III tumors
high mitotic index
non resectable disease
recurrent mast cell tumors |
|
|
Term
| What is small molecule inhibition? |
|
Definition
It inhibits the ATP binding sites of kinases, inhibition of protein phosphorylation
thus inhibit tumor growth |
|
|
Term
| What are the most common cutaneous tumors found in cats? |
|
Definition
#1 basal cell tumors
#2 Mast cell tumors |
|
|
