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Integumentary system
BSCI 201 integumentary system
38
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/09/2014

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Term
5 functions of the integumentary system
Definition
1. protection from mechanical, chemical, and thermal damage 2. insulates and cushions underlying body tissues 3. protection from bacterial invasion 4. prevention of water loss 5. site of vitamin D synthesis
Term
2 regions of the skin
Definition
1. epidermis (epithelium tissue)
2. dermis (underlying connective tissue)
Term
hypodermis (superficial fascia)
Definition
layer composed of adipose tissue that is deep to the dermis, not considered part of the skin
Term
keratinocytes (4 characteristics)
Definition
1. produce keratin fibrils 2. most abundant epidermal cells 3. mitotically active 4. located in the stratum basale
Term
melanocytes (2 characteristics)
Definition
1. cells that produce melanin (brown to black pigment)
2. located in the stratum basale
Term
melanin function
Definition
pigment provides protective layer for nuclei of cells in deeper epidermal layers

when exposure to UV and UVB radiation occurs, skin produces melanin
Term
epidermal dendritic cells (Langerhans cells)
Definition
1. act as macrophages to engulf and digest pathogens
2. Located in the stratum spinosum
Term
tactile (Merkel) cells
Definition
1. form sensitive touch receptors at the epidermal-dermal junction with sensory nerve endings
2. Located in the stratum basale
Term
Layers of the epidermis (deep to superficial)
Definition
1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum lucidum
5. stratum corneum
Term
stratum basale (basal layer) (# of layers, and contents)
Definition
1. single layer of cells
2. contents: Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Merkel cells
Term
stratum spinosum (# of layers, and contents)
Definition
1. Several layers of cells
2. Cells are connected by desmosomes which cause the cells to appear “spiny” during histological preparation

3. Tonofilaments: intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin protein

4. Langerhans’ cells
Term
stratum granulosum (# of layers and contents)
Definition
1. 3-5 layers of cells  2. Lamellated granules: contain Glycolipids that make the epidermis water-proof. 3. keratohyaline granules: contain the tough, insoluble protein, Keratin, which makes the epidermis tough and abrasive-resistant
Term
stratum lucidum (# of layers and contents)
Definition
1. Thin, translucent layer of dead cells

2. Present only in thick skin – palms, soles
Term
stratum corneum (# of layers and contents)
Definition
1. 20-30 layers of dead, flat cells

2. Dead cells are impregnated with glycolipids and keratin to provide a tough, durable, water-proof “coat”.

3. Replaced every three to four weeks
Term
2 regions of dermis
Definition
1. papillary layer
2. reticular layer
Term
papillary layer
Definition
more superficial dermal region composed of areolar tissue
Term
dermal papillae
Definition
finger-like projects from the papillary layer that make it uneven, responsible for fingeprints
Term
reticular layer
Definition
deepest layer of skin composed of dense irregular connective tissue, contains blood vessels, sweat and sebaceous glands, and pressure receptors
Term
nail body
Definition
visible attached portion of nail
Term
nail free edge (hyponchium)
Definition
portion of nail that grows away from the body
Term
nail root
Definition
part of nail that is embedded in the skin and adheres to the epithelial nail bed
Term
nail folds
Definition
skin that overlaps the borders of the nail
Term
eponychium
Definition
cuticle--thick proximal nail fold
Term
nail bed
Definition
extension of stratum basale beneath the nail
Term
nail matrix
Definition
thickened proximal part of the nail bed containing small germinal cells responsible for nail growth, cells become keratinized and die
Term
lunule
Definition
proximal region of thickened nail matrix, which appears as a white crescent
Term
hair
Definition
structure consisting of a medulla, central region surrounded by a cortex and protective cuticle
Term
hair root
Definition
portion enclosed within the follicle
Term
hair shaft
Definition
portion of hair projecting from the scalp surface
Term
hair bulb
Definition
collection of well-nourished germinal epithelial cells at the basal end of the follicle
Term
hair follicle
Definition
structure formed from both epidermal and dermal cells that surrounds a hair root
Term
papilla
Definition
dermal tissue that protrudes into the hair bulb
Term
arrector pilli muscle
Definition
small bands of smooth muscle cells that connect each hair follicle to the paillary layer of the dermis, muscles can contract to form goose bumps and cause hair to stand upright
Term
2 types of sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Definition
1. eccrine glands
2. apocrine glands
Term
eccrine glands (merocrine sweat glands)
Definition
1. distributed all over body
2. produce clear perspiration
3. under control of nervous system
4. important part of heat regulating apparatus by removing body heat through sweat
Term
apocrine glands
Definition
1. located in axillary and genital areas
2. secrete milky protein and fat rich substance that is a nutrient for microorganisms found on skin
3. glands enlarge and recede with phases of a woman's menstrual cycle
Term
pacinian corpuscles
Definition
Location: reticular layer

function: pressure receptors
Term
meissner's corpuscles
Definition
location: papillary layer

function: pain and touch receptors (free nerve endings) in hairless skin
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