Term
| What are the functions of the integumentary system? |
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Definition
protection
form
maintain hydration
temperature
vitamin D production
detection of stimuli
blood reservoir
excretion |
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Term
| How does the integumentary system protect the body? |
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Definition
| it acts as a physical barrier against the outside environment, and it acts as a chemical barrier against harmful substance |
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Term
| How does the integumentary system aid in form? |
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Definition
| it smooths out the structures beneath it |
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Term
| How does the integumentary system maintain hydration? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the integumentary system regulate temperature? |
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Definition
| keeps the body cool or warm |
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Term
| What are the two layers of the integumentary system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is the hypodermis part of the integumentary system? |
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Definition
| no, it's a connective tissue layer beneath the dermis that contains a lot of fat |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| thick, keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium which is very protective |
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Term
| What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis? |
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Definition
| keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan's cells, and merkel cells |
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Term
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Definition
| most abundant cell in the epidermis; lots of keratin is found in here; the deepest layer is mitotic |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the basal layer of the epidermis; manufacturse melanin that is transferred from the melanocyte along cytoplasmic projections to neighboring keratinocytes |
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Term
| How does melanin protect from the sun? |
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Definition
| the melanin puts itself between the sun and the nucleus in order to absorb the harmful rays and protect the nucleus |
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Term
| What are Langerhan's cells? |
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Definition
| embedded in the epidermis, they are part of -the immune system and are manufactured in bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
| sensory receptor cells that are associated with a nerve ending found in the epidermis |
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Term
| How often is the epidermis regenerated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the trends found in the epidermis from deep to superficial? |
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Definition
mitotic --> non-mitotic
keratin synthesis --> keratin modified
access to blood supply --> no access
living cells --> non-living cells |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the stratum germanitivum? |
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Definition
-deepest
-youngest
-mitotic |
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Term
| What happens in the stratum germanitivum? |
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Definition
| cells are actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of more superficial layers |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the stratum spinosum? |
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Definition
| have spiny projections that look like prickle cells |
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Term
| What happens in the stratum spinosum? |
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Definition
| cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the stratum granulosum? |
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Definition
-contains granules that creates a water proofing layer
-last cells to be nourished by blood |
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Term
| What is significant about the stratum granulosum? |
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Definition
| it is the last layer of living cells |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the stratum lucidum? |
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Definition
| it is only present in thick skin |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the stratum corneum? |
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Definition
| thickened, protective, cornified, and "flakes off" |
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Term
| What happens in the stratum corneum? |
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Definition
| cells are dead; represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin |
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Term
| What is the dermis made of? |
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Definition
| strong connective tissue layer, bound together with collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers |
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Term
| What is the papillary layer? |
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Definition
| most superficial layer of the dermis |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the papillary layer? |
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Definition
| contains blood vessels; has projections and indentations called papillae; creates dermal ridges |
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Term
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Definition
| epidermal ridges are found only on palms of hands and soles of feet (fingerprints) |
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Term
| What is the reticular layer? |
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Definition
| deep, dense, irregular connective tissue |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the reticular layer? |
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Definition
| contains collagen bundles, binds water, has elastin which helps with recoil, and striae |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the reticular layer and forms stretch marks as a result of collagen tearing |
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Term
| What are the color pigments found in the dermis? |
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Definition
| melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin |
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Term
| What color is caused by melanin? |
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Definition
| yellow, red, black, & tan |
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Term
| What is significant about melanin? |
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Definition
| it is synthesized in melanocytes; leads to racial/ethnic differences; freckles and moles are a concentration of melanin |
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Term
| What color comes from carotene? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does carotene come from? |
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Definition
| varies with diet; comes from egg yolks and yellow vegetables |
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Term
| What appendages are found in the dermis? |
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Definition
| hair, arrector pili muscle, nails, & glands |
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Term
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Definition
| layers of dead keratinocytes |
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Term
| What is the purpose of hard keratin in hair? |
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Definition
| more compact with sulfer bonds, making it more durable |
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Term
| What part of the hair is visible? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the shape of the shaft influence the shape of the hair? |
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Definition
flat=kinky curly
oval=wavy
round=straight and coarse |
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Term
| What are the three layers of the shaft of the hair? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the hair is not visible? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines the color of the hair? |
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Definition
| the amount of melanocytes found at the base of the follicle |
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Term
| How far does the hair follicle extend into the skin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bulbous expansion at the base of a hair from which the hair shaft develops |
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Term
| What is the root-hair plexus? |
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Definition
| special groups of nerve fiber endings and serve as receptors for touch sensation |
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Term
| What is the papillae of the hair? |
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Definition
| knoblike indentation of the bottom of the hair follicle, on which the hair bulb fits like a cap |
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Term
| What is the arrector pili muscle? |
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Definition
| small muscle attached to the ends of hair that cause it to stand on end when cold |
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Term
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Definition
| a modification of existing epidermis found on the ends of the fingers and toes |
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Term
| What is the nail made of? |
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Definition
| hard keratin of the stratum corneum |
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Term
| What is the nail matrix made of? |
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Definition
| stratum germinativum of epidermis |
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Term
| What are the glands that are found in the dermis? |
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Definition
| eccrine glands, apocrine glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands, & sebaceous glands |
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Term
| Describe the eccrine gland. |
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Definition
| a coiled and tubular gland, open on much of the body, but concentrated in the skin of palms, forehead, and soles of feet |
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Term
| How is sweat excreted from the body? |
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Definition
| it is formed as a filtrate of blood as it passes through the secretory cells of the glands and fluid is released by exocytosis |
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Term
| How is the eccrine gland regulated? |
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Definition
| the sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| Where are the apocrine glands mostly found? |
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Definition
| the axillary and anogenital regions |
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Term
| What are characteristics of the the apocrine glands? |
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Definition
| larger than the eccrine gland; duct empties into the hair follicle; lies deeper into the dermis/hypodermis |
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Term
| What do apocrine glands secrete? |
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Definition
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Term
| What makes the body smell? |
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Definition
| bacteria on the surface of the skin, not armpit sweat |
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Term
| When does the apocrine gland begin functioning? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of sweat? |
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Definition
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Term
| What regulates the apocrine gland? |
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Definition
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Term
| What is the ceruminous gland? |
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Definition
| the wax producing gland found in the external ear canal |
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Term
| What are the mammary glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are sebaceous glands? |
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Definition
| alveolar holocrine glands |
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Term
| Where are sebaceous glands located? |
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Definition
| everywhere but the palms of the hands and soles of feet |
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Term
| What is the difference between sebaceous glands and apocrine glands? |
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Definition
| the apocrine ducts empties into the hair follicle while the sebaceous gland is an outgrowth of hair |
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Term
| Describe sebaceous glands. |
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Definition
| they secrete sebum through accumulation of oily lipids and then burst; they are stimulated by hormones so they are very active at puberty |
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Term
| What happens when a sebaceous gland becomes infected? |
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Definition
| it's usually a staph infection that needs to be treated with antibiotics |
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Term
| What determines whether people will get acne or not? |
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Definition
| the size of the duct connecting the gland to the skin |
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Term
| Which is more likely to cause pimples, narrow or wide ducts? |
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Definition
| narrow because the sebum can't escape which can lead to infection and pimples |
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