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Week 4
Lecture 4
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/25/2014

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Term
What are the functions of the integumentary system?
Definition
protection
form
maintain hydration
temperature
vitamin D production
detection of stimuli
blood reservoir
excretion
Term
How does the integumentary system protect the body?
Definition
it acts as a physical barrier against the outside environment, and it acts as a chemical barrier against harmful substance
Term
How does the integumentary system aid in form?
Definition
it smooths out the structures beneath it
Term
How does the integumentary system maintain hydration?
Definition
it keeps water in
Term
How does the integumentary system regulate temperature?
Definition
keeps the body cool or warm
Term
What are the two layers of the integumentary system?
Definition
the epidermis and dermis
Term
Is the hypodermis part of the integumentary system?
Definition
no, it's a connective tissue layer beneath the dermis that contains a lot of fat
Term
What are the characteristics of the epidermis?
Definition
thick, keratinized, stratified, squamous epithelium which is very protective
Term
What are the 4 cell types of the epidermis?
Definition
keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhan's cells, and merkel cells
Term
What are keratinocytes?
Definition
most abundant cell in the epidermis; lots of keratin is found in here; the deepest layer is mitotic
Term
What are melanocytes?
Definition
found in the basal layer of the epidermis; manufacturse melanin that is transferred from the melanocyte along cytoplasmic projections to neighboring keratinocytes
Term
How does melanin protect from the sun?
Definition
the melanin puts itself between the sun and the nucleus in order to absorb the harmful rays and protect the nucleus
Term
What are Langerhan's cells?
Definition
embedded in the epidermis, they are part of -the immune system and are manufactured in bone marrow
Term
What are Merkel cells?
Definition
sensory receptor cells that are associated with a nerve ending found in the epidermis
Term
How often is the epidermis regenerated?
Definition
every 35-45 days
Term
What are the trends found in the epidermis from deep to superficial?
Definition
mitotic --> non-mitotic
keratin synthesis --> keratin modified
access to blood supply --> no access
living cells --> non-living cells
Term
What are characteristics of the stratum germanitivum?
Definition
-deepest
-youngest
-mitotic
Term
What happens in the stratum germanitivum?
Definition
cells are actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of more superficial layers
Term
What are characteristics of the stratum spinosum?
Definition
have spiny projections that look like prickle cells
Term
What happens in the stratum spinosum?
Definition
cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
Term
What are characteristics of the stratum granulosum?
Definition
-contains granules that creates a water proofing layer
-last cells to be nourished by blood
Term
What is significant about the stratum granulosum?
Definition
it is the last layer of living cells
Term
What are characteristics of the stratum lucidum?
Definition
it is only present in thick skin
Term
What are characteristics of the stratum corneum?
Definition
thickened, protective, cornified, and "flakes off"
Term
What happens in the stratum corneum?
Definition
cells are dead; represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin
Term
What is the dermis made of?
Definition
strong connective tissue layer, bound together with collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
Term
What is the papillary layer?
Definition
most superficial layer of the dermis
Term
What are characteristics of the papillary layer?
Definition
contains blood vessels; has projections and indentations called papillae; creates dermal ridges
Term
What are dermal ridges?
Definition
epidermal ridges are found only on palms of hands and soles of feet (fingerprints)
Term
What is the reticular layer?
Definition
deep, dense, irregular connective tissue
Term
What are characteristics of the reticular layer?
Definition
contains collagen bundles, binds water, has elastin which helps with recoil, and striae
Term
What are striae?
Definition
found in the reticular layer and forms stretch marks as a result of collagen tearing
Term
What are the color pigments found in the dermis?
Definition
melanin, carotene, and hemoglobin
Term
What color is caused by melanin?
Definition
yellow, red, black, & tan
Term
What is significant about melanin?
Definition
it is synthesized in melanocytes; leads to racial/ethnic differences; freckles and moles are a concentration of melanin
Term
What color comes from carotene?
Definition
yellowish
Term
Where does carotene come from?
Definition
varies with diet; comes from egg yolks and yellow vegetables
Term
What appendages are found in the dermis?
Definition
hair, arrector pili muscle, nails, & glands
Term
What is hair made of?
Definition
layers of dead keratinocytes
Term
What is the purpose of hard keratin in hair?
Definition
more compact with sulfer bonds, making it more durable
Term
What part of the hair is visible?
Definition
the shaft
Term
How does the shape of the shaft influence the shape of the hair?
Definition
flat=kinky curly
oval=wavy
round=straight and coarse
Term
What are the three layers of the shaft of the hair?
Definition
-medulla
-cortex
-cuticle
Term
What part of the hair is not visible?
Definition
the root
Term
What determines the color of the hair?
Definition
the amount of melanocytes found at the base of the follicle
Term
How far does the hair follicle extend into the skin?
Definition
dermis/hypodermis
Term
What is the hair bulb?
Definition
bulbous expansion at the base of a hair from which the hair shaft develops
Term
What is the root-hair plexus?
Definition
special groups of nerve fiber endings and serve as receptors for touch sensation
Term
What is the papillae of the hair?
Definition
knoblike indentation of the bottom of the hair follicle, on which the hair bulb fits like a cap
Term
What is the arrector pili muscle?
Definition
small muscle attached to the ends of hair that cause it to stand on end when cold
Term
What is the nail?
Definition
a modification of existing epidermis found on the ends of the fingers and toes
Term
What is the nail made of?
Definition
hard keratin of the stratum corneum
Term
What is the nail matrix made of?
Definition
stratum germinativum of epidermis
Term
What are the glands that are found in the dermis?
Definition
eccrine glands, apocrine glands, ceruminous glands, mammary glands, & sebaceous glands
Term
Describe the eccrine gland.
Definition
a coiled and tubular gland, open on much of the body, but concentrated in the skin of palms, forehead, and soles of feet
Term
How is sweat excreted from the body?
Definition
it is formed as a filtrate of blood as it passes through the secretory cells of the glands and fluid is released by exocytosis
Term
How is the eccrine gland regulated?
Definition
the sympathetic nervous system
Term
Where are the apocrine glands mostly found?
Definition
the axillary and anogenital regions
Term
What are characteristics of the the apocrine glands?
Definition
larger than the eccrine gland; duct empties into the hair follicle; lies deeper into the dermis/hypodermis
Term
What do apocrine glands secrete?
Definition
sweat, fat, proteins
Term
What makes the body smell?
Definition
bacteria on the surface of the skin, not armpit sweat
Term
When does the apocrine gland begin functioning?
Definition
puberty
Term
What is the function of sweat?
Definition
temperature regulation
Term
What regulates the apocrine gland?
Definition
sympathetic nervous system
Term
What is the ceruminous gland?
Definition
the wax producing gland found in the external ear canal
Term
What are the mammary glands?
Definition
glands that secrete milk
Term
What are sebaceous glands?
Definition
alveolar holocrine glands
Term
Where are sebaceous glands located?
Definition
everywhere but the palms of the hands and soles of feet
Term
What is the difference between sebaceous glands and apocrine glands?
Definition
the apocrine ducts empties into the hair follicle while the sebaceous gland is an outgrowth of hair
Term
Describe sebaceous glands.
Definition
they secrete sebum through accumulation of oily lipids and then burst; they are stimulated by hormones so they are very active at puberty
Term
What happens when a sebaceous gland becomes infected?
Definition
it's usually a staph infection that needs to be treated with antibiotics
Term
What determines whether people will get acne or not?
Definition
the size of the duct connecting the gland to the skin
Term
Which is more likely to cause pimples, narrow or wide ducts?
Definition
narrow because the sebum can't escape which can lead to infection and pimples
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