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Integumentary System
Chapter 5
106
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
10/02/2008

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Term
Integumentary system
Definition
functions to guard the body's physical and biochemical integrity, maintain a constant body temperature, and provide sensory information to the surrounding environment.
Term
Skin
Definition
consists of different tissues that are joined together to perform specific functions and is the largest organ of the body.
Term
epidermis
Definition
superficial portion of the skin; composed of stratified squamous epithelial tissue
Term
dermis
Definition
deeper layer of the skin; primarily composed of connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers and has two regions
Term
subcutaneous layer
Definition
-deep to the dermis
-not part of the skin
-consists of areolar and adipose tissue
-serves as a fat storage area, an area for blood vessel passage, and an area of pressure nerve endings.
-aka hypodermis
Term
four types of cells in the epidermis
Definition
karatinocytes
melanocytes
Langerhans cells
Merkel cells
Term
keratinocytes
Definition
produce keratin and lamellar granules
Term
keratin
Definition
the protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissue from heat, microbes, and chemicals
Term
lamellar granules
Definition
release a waterproof sealant
Term
melanocytes
Definition
produce melanin
Term
melanin
Definition
contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet light
Term
Langerhans cells
Definition
participate in immune responses
Term
Merkel cells
Definition
contact the tactile disc and function in the sensation of touch
Term
Merkel/tactile disc
Definition
a sensory structure
Term
how many layers of the epidermis?
Definition
four or five, depending upon the degree of friction an mechanical pressure applied to the skin
Term
layers of the epidermis
Definition
stratum corneum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum
stratum spinosum
stratum basale (germinativum)
Term
stratum basale
Definition
-deepest layer
-contains some stem cells capable of undergoing mitosis
-contains keratinocytes with a cytoskeleton of tonofilaments
-when this layer is destroyed, skin cannot regenerate without a skin graft.
Term
stratum spinosum
Definition
provides strength and flexibility to the skin
Term
stratum granulosum
Definition
-marks the transition between the deeper, metabolically active strata and the dead cells of the more superficial strata.
-consists of keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis
-characterized by the presence of keratohyalin
Term
apoptosis
Definition
the changes that occur within a cell as it undergoes programmed cell death, which is brought about by signals that trigger the activationi of a cascade of suicide proteins in the cell destined to die.
Term
keratohyalin
Definition
converts tonofilaments into keratin
Term
stratum lucidum
Definition
present only in fingertips, palms, and soles.
Term
stratum corneum
Definition
most superficial layer, consists of dead cells.
-constant exposure to friction will cause this layer to increase in depth with the formation of a callus.
Term
callus
Definition
abnormal thickening of the epidermis
Term
keratinization
Definition
replacement of cell contents with keratin
-occurs as cells move to the skin surface over 2-4 weeks
Term
Psoriasis
Definition
a chronic skin disorder characterized by a more rapid division and movement of keratinocytes through the epidermal strata.
Term
2 regions of the dermis
Definition
papillary layer
reticular region
Term
papillary layer
Definition
areolar connective tissue containing fine elastic fibers, dermal papillae, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings for sensations of heat, cold, pain, tickle, and itch.
Term
Meissner's corpuscles
Definition
corpuscles of touch
Term
reticular region
Definition
the deeper part of the dermis consisting of dense, irregular connective tissue containing bundles of collagen fibers and some elastic fibers
Term
tattooing
Definition
a permanent coloration of the skin in which a foreign pigment is injected into the dermis
Term
epidermal ridges
Definition
increase frictioni for better grasping ability and provide the basis for fingerprints and footprints.
Term
lines of cleavage
Definition
indicate predominant direction of the underlying collagen fibers
Term
what are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?
Definition
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
Term
albinism
Definition
the inherited inability of an individual to produce melanin
Term
vitiligo
Definition
the complete of partial loss of melanocytes from patches of the skin resulting in irregular white spots.
Term
accessory structures of the skin
Definition
hair, glands, and nails
Term
pili
Definition
hairs-- present on most skin surfaces except the palms, plamar surfaces of the digits, soles, and plantar surfaces of the digits
Term
what is the anatomy of hair?
Definition
consists of a shaft of above the surface, a root that penetrates the dermis and subcutaneous layer, the cuticle, and a hair follicle.
Term
how do new hairs develop?
Definition
from cell division of the matrix in the bulb
Term
name the 3 structures associated with hairs
Definition
sebaceous oil glands
arrectores pilorum muscles
root plexuses
Term
name 2 types of hair removal
Definition
depilatories
electrolysis
Term
depilatories
Definition
dissolve the protein in the hair shaft
Term
electrolysis
Definition
uses an electric current to destroy the hair matrix
Term
hair growth
Definition
the cycle consists of a growing stage and a resting stage
Term
the rate of growth and replacement cycle can be altered by:
Definition
illness, diet, high fever, surgery, blood loss, severe emotional stress, and gender.
Term
name the 4 types of hair
Definition
lanugo
vellus
course pigmented
terminal
Term
lanugo
Definition
a fine, nonpigmented hair that covers the fetus
Term
vellus
Definition
a short, fine hair that replaces lanugo
Term
course pigmented hair
Definition
appears in response to androgens
Term
terminal hair
Definition
appears in response to angrogens-- head hair, eyelashes, eyebrows
Term
hair color is due to
Definition
the amount and type of melanin
Term
graying of hair occurs because of
Definition
a progressive decline in tyrosinase
Term
name the functions of hair.
Definition
protection
decrease in heat loss
sensing light touch
Term
name the 3 types of skin glands
Definition
-sebaceous glands
-sudoriferous glands
-ceruminous glands
Term
sebaceous glands
Definition
oil glands that are usually connected to hair follices; produce sebum
Term
sebum
Definition
moistens hairs, waterproofs and softens the skin, and inhibits bacterial growth
Term
acne
Definition
results when sebaceous glands become inflamed
Term
sudoriferous glands
Definition
sweat glands
divided into apocrine and eccrine
Term
eccrine sweat glands
Definition
have an extensive distribution; their ducts terminate at pores at the surface of the epidermis
Term
functions of eccrine sweat glands
Definition
help regulate body temperature through evaporation
help eliminate wastes such as urea
Term
urea
Definition
produced in the liver by a metabolic cycle that combines ammonia with carbon dioxide
Term
apocrine sweat glands
Definition
limited in distribution to the skin of the axilla, pubis, and areolae; ducts open into hair follicles.
Term
ceruminous glands
Definition
modified sudoriferous glands that produce cerumen
Term
cerumen
Definition
a waxy substance produced by ceruminous glands
Term
ceruminous glands are found where?
Definition
in the external auditory meatus
Term
an abnormal amount of cerumen in the external auditory meatus or canal can result in:
Definition
impaction and prevent sound waves from reaching the ear drum
Term
nails
Definition
hair, keratinized epidermal cells over the dorsal surfaces of the terminal portions of fingers and toes
Term
name the principal parts of a nail.
Definition
body, free edge, root, lunula, eponychium, and matrix
Term
functions of nails
Definition
help in grasping and manipulating small objects in various ways and provide protection against trauma to the ends of the digits.
Term
name the types of skin.
Definition
thin skin
thick skin
Term
thin skin
Definition
cover all parts of the body except palms and palmar surfaces of the digits and toes.
-lacks epidermal ridges
-has a sparser distribution of sensory receptors than thick skin
Term
thick skin
Definition
-covers palms, palmar surfaces of the digits, and soles
-has stratum lucidum and thick epidermal ridges
-lacks hair follicles, arrector pili muscles, and sebaceous glands
-has more sweat glands than thin skin
Term
functions of skin
Definition
-thermoregulation
-blood reservoir
-protection
-cutaneous sensations
-excretion
-absorption
-synthesis of vitamin D
Term
transdermal drug administration
Definition
a method of drug passage across the epidermis and into the blood vessles of the dermis
Term
thermoregulation
Definition
the homeostatic control of body temperature; due to the skin liberating sweat at its surface and by adjusting the flow of blood in the dermis
Term
blood reservoir
Definition
because the skin has an extensive network of blood vessels
Term
cutaneous sensations
Definition
touch, pressure, vibration, tickle, heat, cold, and pain
Term
excretion
Definition
the elimination of wastes from the body
Term
absorption
Definition
the passage of material from the external environment into body cells
Term
synthesis of vitamin D
Definition
requires activation of a precursor molecule in the skin by UV light, with enzymes in the liver and kidneys modifying he activated molecule to produce calcitrol
Term
calcitriol
Definition
the most active form of vitamin D
Term
epidermal wounds are repaired by:
Definition
enlargement and migration of basal cells
contact inhibition
division of migrating and stationary basal cells
Term
epidermal wound
Definition
central portion of the wound extends deep into the dermis, wound edges are usually only superficial
Term
epidermal growth factor
Definition
stimulates basal cells to divide and replace the ones that have moved into the wound
Term
deep wound
Definition
when an injury extends to tissues deep to the epidermis
Term
phases of deep wound healing
Definition
-inflammatory phase
-migratory phase
-proliferative phase
-maturation phase
Term
inflammatory phase
Definition
a blood clot unites the wound edges, epithelial cells migrate across the wound, vasodilation and increased permeability of blood vessels deliver phagocytes, and fibroblasts form
Term
migratory phase
Definition
epithelial cells beneath the scab bridge the wound, fibroblasts begin scar tissue, and damged blood vessels begin to grow
-granulation tissue
Term
granulation tissue
Definition
tissue filling the wound
Term
proliferative phase
Definition
the events of the migratory phase intensify
Term
maturation phase
Definition
the scab falls off, the epidermis is restored to normal thickness, collagen fibers become more organized, fibroblasts begin to disappear, and blood vessels are returned to normal
Term
fibrosis
Definition
scar tissue formation
Term
the epidermis is derived from what?
Definition
ectoderm
Term
hair, nails, and skin glands are derived from what?
Definition
epidermis
Term
the dermis is derived from what?
Definition
wandering mesenchymal cells
Term
effects of aging on integument
Definition
wrinkling, slower growth of hair and nails, dryness and cracking due to sebaceous gland atrophy, decrease in melanocytes and langerhans cells, loss of subcutaneous fat
Term
anti-aging treatments
Definition
microdermabrasion
chemical peel
laser resurfacing
dermal fillers
botulism toxin injection
non surgical face lifts
Term
name three skin disorders.
Definition
skin cancer
burns
pressure ulcers
Term
3 most common forms of skin cancer
Definition
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
Term
risk factors for skin cancer
Definition
skin type, sun exposure, family history, age, immunologic status
Term
burn
Definition
tissue damage from excessive heat, electricity, radioactivity, or corrosive chemicals that destroys proteins in the exposed cells
Term
types of skin burns
Definition
first, second, third degree
Term
the seriousness of a burn is determined by:
Definition
depth, extent, area involved, person's age and general health
Term
2 methods of determining the extent of a burn
Definition
-rule of nines
-Lund-Bowder method
Term
pressure ulcers
Definition
aka decubitus ulcers
caused by a constant deficiency of blood to tissues overlying a bony projection that has been subjected to prolonged pressure against an object such as a bed, cast, or splint.
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