Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Integumentary System and Skeletal System
for massage therapy
84
Anatomy
Professional
06/17/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Skeletal System - Anatomy (4)
Definition
Bones, Cartilage, ligaments, joints
Term
Skeletal System - Physiology
Definition
-supports the body
-protects vital organs
-provides movement by giving leverage through muscle attachments
-Hemopoiesis - blood cell formation
-stores fats in yellow bone marrow
stores vital minerals (calcium, carbonate, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium)
Term
Hemopoiesis
Definition
Blood cell formation
Term
anatomy of a long bone
Definition
Epiphysis and Diaphysis
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
covers the articular surfaces (hyaline cartilage)
Term
Waste Elimination
Definition
Sweat- 98% water 2% solid
Urine- 96% water 4% solid
Term
Vitamin D synthesis
Definition
Sunlight converts precursor molecules to activate vitamin D for calcium and phosphate absorption
Term
3 cells found in epidermis
Definition
1)Keratinocytes
2)Melanocytes
3)Langerhans cells
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
Provides Melanin (skin pigment, eye color, and hair color)
Term
5 layers of epidermal skin
Definition
1) Stratum Corneum
2) Stratum Lucidum
3) Stratum Granulosum
4) Stratum Spinosum
5) Stratum Germinativum
Term
Stratum Germinativum
Definition
Deepest layer of epidermis - undergoes continuous cell division and generates all other layers
Term
Stratum Corneum
Definition
Outer most layers of epidermis - once cells reach this layers they are dead
Term
Epiphysis (of a long bone)
Definition
-2 ends of a long bone
-articular Cartilage
-Metaphysis
-Depending on bone's age either contains: Epiphyseal plate - embryo
or Epiphyseal Line - Adult
Term
Interosseous Ligament
Definition
tough membrane that interconnects select bones "interosseous membrane"
Term
Medullary Cavity
Definition
hollow space in the center of the diaphysis, of a long bone
-Contains Yellow Marrow
-Haversian Canals- minute vascular canals that run longitudinally through bone
-Volkmann's Canals - canals that connect the Haversian canals running horizontal throughout the bone
Term
Histology
Definition
Cells of skeletal system
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
bone forming
Term
osteoclasts
Definition
break down bone
Term
osteocytes
Definition
Mature Osteoblasts
Term
Metaphysis
Definition
contains the growth portion of the bone (where epiphysis and diaphysis meet)
Term
Pacinian Corpuscles
Definition
Deep pressure and vibration; proprioception
Term
Merkel disks
Definition
light touch and discriminative touch
Term
Hair root plexus
Definition
light touch receptors of hair movement
Term
Krause's end bulbs
Definition
discriminatory touch, low-frequency vibration, cooler temperatures
Term
Ruffini End Organs
Definition
-Deep or continuous pressure
-Detects high range of temperatures
Term
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Definition
-most numerous, widespread, and important of the sweat glands
-produce sweat rich in salts, ammonia, uric acid, urea and other wastes
Term
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Definition
located deep in the subcutaneous layer in axillary regions, areola of breast, pigmented skin around anus
Term
Meissner Corpuscles
Definition
Discriminates light vs. deep pressure
Term
Hair Follicles
Definition
the pouch like structures in the skin from which hair grows
Term
Arrector Pili
Definition
Muscles that pull hair upright
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
Oil Glands - secrete sebum, a mixture of triglycerides, waxes, fatty acids, and cholesterol - massage stimulates sebum protection
Term
Suboriferous Glands
Definition
Sweat Glands - secrete sweat
- regulate temperature and eliminate waste
Term
Function of Collagen
Definition
offers support to the nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, and glands.
-makes up 70% of the dermis
Term
How is scar tissue formed?
Definition
Fibroblasts in the dermis quickly reproduce and begin forming a dense collection of new connective tissue, when the dermis is injured
-Collection of new connective tissue = scar tissue
Term
2 other names for Subcutaneous Layer
Definition
-Hypodermis
-Superficial Fascia
Term
4 factors that contribute to skin color
Definition
-Melanin
-Amount of oxygen in capillaries
-Presence of bilirubin
-Presence of carotene
Term
Stratum Lucidum
Definition
Epidermal layer that is only present in the feet and hands
-thick layer of skin - contains keratized cells
Term
Stratum Spinosum
Definition
Prickly/sticky layer of the epidermis
-bonds and is the transitional layer between the stratum germinativum and stratum granulosum
-contains cells from both layers
Term
Stratum Granulosum
Definition
-contains an accumulation of keratin granules
-this layer is 3-5 cells deep, depending on thickness of the skin
-first of layers to begin drying of tissues
Term
Langerhans cells
Definition
Originate in bone marrow but migrate to deeper layers of the epidermis in early life. Together with t cells, they trigger immune reactions in certain pathological conditions
Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
-filled with an extremely tough, fibrous protein called keratin
Term
Keratin
Definition
provides protection by waterproofing the skin's surface
Term
Immunity
Definition
specialized cells in skin, called Langerhans cells, attach to and destroy pathogens
Term
sensation
Definition
touch, pain, temperature, pressure
Term
body temperature regulation
Definition
blood circulation through skin is a major component
-evaporation of sweat helps to keep you cool
Term
protection
Definition
physical, biological, and chemical barrier - protects from infection and UV rays - water proof
Term
Absorption
Definition
Absorbs fat, fat-soluble vitamins, salts
-Medicated transdermal patches are based on skin absorption
Term
Intracartilaginous Ossification
Definition
begins from cartilage (bones of extremities)
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
releases calcium into blood stream
Term
1st class lever
Definition
fulcrum in the center on the bottom
Example: cranium on vertebrae
Term
2nd class lever
Definition
fulcrum and effort on bottom with resistance on top
Example: rising up on your toes
Term
3rd class lever
Definition
fulcrum off to one side with resistance and effort on top and on the other side
Example: Flexing the elbow
Term
Parts of a lever
Definition
lever -> bone
Fulcrum -> Joint
Resistance -> Weight
Effort -> Muscular Contraction
Term
Levers
Definition
Rods that are moved by a fulcrum (to set in motion resistance and effort must act on it)
Term
Osseous tissue Classification (2 types)
Definition
1) Spongy Bone- lighter
- center of long bones and short flat bones
2) Compact bone - denser
- made up of calcium and phosphate
- provides protection and support
Term
Ossification (2 types)
Definition
Bone Development -Replacing of pre-existing connective tissue with osseous connective tissue 1)Intramembranous - bone formation from membranes (roof and sides of skull) 2)Intracartilaginous  - begins with cartilage (bones of extremities)
Term
Intramembranous Ossification
Definition
bone formation from membranes (roof and sides of skull)
Term
Diaphysis (of a long bone)and 3 parts
Definition
-long cylindrical shaft of the bone
Diaphysis is made up of:
1)Medullary Cavity
2)Periosteum
3)Interosseous Ligament
Term
How many bones are in the upper and lower limbs?
Definition
60 bones
Term
How many bones are in the shoulder (pectoral) girdle?
Definition
4 bones
Term
How many bones are in the pelvic girdle?
Definition
2 adult; 6 embryo
Term
How many bones are in the vertebral column?
Definition
26 in adults; 31-33 in embryo
Term
How many bones are in the skull?
Definition
29 bones
Term
What are the 5 classifications of bones?
Definition
Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid
Term
Long Bones
Definition
Longer than wide

Examples: humerous, radius, femur, tibia
Term
Short Bones
Definition
Small and cubical, contain multiple articulating surfaces such as the carpals and tarsals
Term
Flat bones
Definition
broad flat surfaces for muscle attachment

Examples: ribs, scapula, sternum, certain skull bones
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
catch all category for bones that don't fit in other categories

Examples: cranial bones, facial bones, vertebrae, and hyoid bone
Term
Sesemoid bones
Definition
small, round bones that are embedded in certain tendons

Example: patella
Term
Tubercle
Definition
small rounded projection on a bone for muscle attachment
Term
Tuberosity
Definition
Large rounded projection on a bone for muscle attachment
Term
Process
Definition
a place for muscle attachment, usually at the end of a bone
Term
Spine
Definition
a sharp process on a bone for muscle attachment
Term
Foramen
Definition
a hole or opening in a bone
Term
Condyle
Definition
a large rounded prominence at the end of a bone, usually where 2 bones articulate
Term
Fossa
Definition
Flat surface located on the front or back of a bone
Term
Crest
Definition
A long ridge on or along a bone, usually associated with the pelvis
Term
Trochanter
Definition
A very large projection found only on the femur
Term
Malleolus
Definition
Projections found only in the ankle
Term
Head
Definition
prominent rounded projection of the proximal end of a bone, usually articulating
Term
What are the functions of bones?
Definition
Protection of vital tissues and organs
Support to maintain posture
Movement by serving as attachment sites for muscles
Storage for minerals (calcium and phosphorus)
Hemopoiesis (blood cell formation)
Term
Haversian Canals
Definition
Minute vascular canals that run LONGITUDINALLY through the bone, allow blood cells to enter the general ciculation
Term
Volkmann's canals
Definition
connect to the Haversian canals, run HORIZOTALLY through bone, allow blood cells to enter the general circulation
Term
Periosteum
Definition
fibrous, dense, vascular tissue sheath that surrounds the diaphysis. It is the bone's life support system, containing blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, and bone forming cells
Supporting users have an ad free experience!