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Integument
Skin, Sweat glands, Hair
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/29/2014

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Cards

Term
What is the largest system in the whole body?
Definition
Integument
Term
What elements are included in the integument?
Definition
Skin/hide
sweat and oil glands
Hair (wool, fur, feathers)
Nails (hooves, claws, foot pads)
Horns
Term
What are the protective functions of the integument?
Definition
Protects against:
microbes, insects, external parasites, environment, chemicals, UV radiation, physical abrasion
Term
What are the (non-protective) functions of the integument?
Definition
Prevent Dehydration
Regulate body temperature
detecting and relaying sensory info to CNS
Excretion of organic wastes, and excess salts+water (sweat)
Synthesis of Vit D
Protection (nails, horns, claws)
Food gathering (claws used as forelimbs on birds)
Term
What is the time span for skin to regenerate across all species (how long does it take)? For humans?
Definition
25-50 days
4-7 weeks for humans
Term
Where, in general on an animal, is skin/hide thickest? Thinnest?
Definition
Thickest in areas with greatest exposure to environment (back, shoulder blades, pads of paws). Thinnest where animal has most protection.
Term
What are the 3 layers of the skin?
Definition
Epiderp-mis
Derp-mis
Hypoderp-mis

lulz
Term
True or false: The epidermis is vascular, and has nerve endings
Definition
False, 'tis avascular, and generally free of nerve endings
Term
How does the epidermis get its nutrients?
Definition
Via simple diffusion from underlying skin (dermis)
Term
Where is the basal layer located, and how does it work?
Definition
"basement membrane" (adjacent to dermis)
-made of keratinocytes which divide via mitosis to form daughter cells - push older cells towards skin surface
Term
Explain the process of cells moving away from the dermis? (migrating toward the surface)
Definition
Cells lose contact with capillaries, and lose access to nutrients; cells flatten, die, undergo changes (including loss of nuclei, cytosol, and organelles)
Term
With what are the cytosol, organelles, and nuclei of migrating basal cells replaced? What are the functions of these?
Definition
Replaced by fibrous proteins, keratin, and glycolipids
- prevent water loss of skin
- hardens skin (keratin)
Term
What are the other types of epidermis cells?
Definition
Desmosomes, Melanocytes, Merkel cells, Langerhan's cells
Term
What is the function of the desmosomes?
Definition
anchors and connects keratinocytes (to form protective barrier)
Term
What is the function of the melanocytes?
Definition
produces the pigment melanin, which protects against UV radiation
Term
What is the function of the Merkel cells?
Definition
act as sensory receptors to touch
Term
What is the function of the Langerhan's cells?
Definition
They 'phagocytize' foreign debris and microorganisms
- this type of immune cell is called a macrophage
- involved with development of itch or rash
Term
What are the five layers of the epidermis?
Definition
Stratum corneum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum basale
Term
What separates the epidermis and dermis?
Definition
The basement membrane of the epidermis
Term
What is the structural relationship b/w epidermis and dermis?
Definition
epidermis has folds which project down into the dermis
- papillae of dermis form bonding arrangement with these projections
Term
Which of the three layers of the integument is aka 'the corium?'
Definition
The dermis
Term
Which layer of integument makes up 80% of the total mass of the skin?
Definition
The dermis
Term
Which layer of integument makes up the hide of the animal?
Definition
The dermis
Term
The dermis contains many cell types and structures. Name some, and mention their role
Definition
Fibroblasts: connective tissue (healing wounds)
Macrophages: immune system
Nerve endings: sensory reception
Adipocytes: Adipose tissue
Hair follicles:______
Smooth muscle:______
Sweat and sebacceous glands: secretions of varying functions (depending on animal)
Term
Mention the properties of the dermis that help to make it strong and flexible
Definition
Collagen
Reticular fibers
Elastin
- also allow skin to stretch
- provide long-wearing attributes of leather
Term
True or false: the dermis is the only layer of the integument that has blood vessels
Definition
False, the hypodermis does as well
Term
What are the functions of the blood flow to the dermis?
Definition
- nutrient provision
- waste removal
- temperature regulation
Term
Which layer of the integument is considered cellular?
Definition
The Epidermis
Term
Which layer of the integument is considered fibrous?
Definition
The dermis
Term
Which of the three layers of the integument are aka the stratified squamos layer?
Definition
The epidermis
Term
Which of the three layers of the integument are aka the subcutaneous fat layer?
Definition
The hypodermis
Term
What is the function and composition of the areolar connective tissue?
Definition
Composed of elastin, fibroblasts, collagen, and reticular fibres. Aids in flexibility (allows movement b/w skin and muscle w/o tearing)
- cushions and protects skin and underlying muscles and organs
Term
Of what is the hypodermis composed? (2 things)
Definition
Areolar connective tissue (CT) and Adipose tissue
Term
What is the function of adipose tissue?
Definition
Acts as a shock absorber and provides thermoinsulation
Term
Which layer of the integument contains Pacinian Corpuscles? What is their function?
Definition
The hypodermis; they are touch receptors that respond to heavy pressure and vibrations
Term
True or false: All layers have receptors that respond to touch
Definition
True; thought the epidermis is generally lacking in nerve endings
Term
What are the two types of sweat glands?
Definition
Eccrine and Apocrine
Term
Farm animals generally only have ______ sweat glands that open onto _____ ______
Definition
apocrine; hair follicles
Term
In primates, eccrine glands secrete a mixture of what 3 substances, and with which function?
Definition
water, salts, and lactic acid; function is to cool body
Term
True or false: All farm animals sweat in some way
Definition
False, none (of the main ones that we discuss) do, except horses
Term
True or false: Chickens cool themselves by flapping their feathers
Definition
False, they pant!
Term
True or false: Eccrine glands open up onto hair follicles
Definition
False, Sweat glands and sebaceous glands open onto hair follicles
Term
What secretions are produced by apocrine glands? (3 things)
Definition
water, fatty acids, and proteins
Term
What is responsible for the characteristic odors of horses, cattle, and dogs?
Definition
seretions of the apocrine glands combined with secretions from the sebaceous gland
Term
How do Pigs cool themselves?
Definition
By rolling in mud or water
Term
How do cattle and sheep generally cool themselves?
Definition
By panting
Term
Where in the body are oil glands found, and in what layer of the integument?
Definition
All over the body; dermis
Term
Sebaceous glands secrete what kind of substance:
a) sweat
b) modified sweat
c) apocrine secretions
d) oil
e) a + c
Definition
d) oil!
Term
Oil glands secrete a substance called _____ onto ______ ________.
Definition
sebum; hair follicles
Term
What is the function of the oil glands?
Definition
to degrade epithelial cells to produce lipid-based sebum
Term
Sebaceous glands in cattle produce sebum, but those of sheep produce _____
Definition
lanolin
Term
What is the function of sebum?
Definition
- prevents hair from becoming brittle
- prevents excess moisture evap. from skin
- keeps skin soft
- has bacteriostatic and antifungal properties
Term
What are the functions of the hair or pili?
Definition
- insulate by trapping air
- absorbs light to help warm animals
- protection
- sensory reception (whiskers)
Term
What are the three components of [a] hair?
Definition
follicle, shaft, hair root
Term
What is the hair follicle?
Definition
The invagination of the epidermis which serves to anchor the hair
Term
Describe the production of hair
Definition
1) there is a mound of dermal cells or 'papilla' which is covered by rapidly dividing cells called a 'matrix'
2) daughter cells get pushed away from papilla and die from lack of nutrients; become keratinized
Term
What are the four types of hair, and mention their function
Definition
Guard (primary) hairs: form smooth outer coat
Wool hairs: form undercoat (soft and curly)
Innervated tactile hairs that serve as organs of touch (whiskers used to probe and feel)
Hair colour (result of melanin) to absorb or reflect heat
Term
What are some functions of feathers?
Definition
protect against elements
enable flying
maintaining body temp
protection from predators
sexual attraction
Term
What are feathers primarily made of?
Definition
Keratin
Term
Hooves and horns are both made up of...?
Definition
Modified epidermis
Term
Define an ungulate
Definition
"hoofed animal"
- animal with well-developed hoof associated with distal phalanx
- hooves sustain entire body weight
-
Term
A hoof is aka an _____ or a ______
Definition
an ungula; a claw
Term
Horse support their weight on ____ (one toe/two toes) and are therefore called "___-toed ungulates" (even/odd)
Definition
one toe or 'ungula'; odd toed ungulates (pigs, cattle, and sheep, all even-toed w/ 2 toes)
Term
The Cannon bone is also called the...
Definition
metacarpal or metatarsal
Term
The hoof is an extension of ____ from the ____ _____.
Definition
skin; lower limbs
Term
True or False: 1st and 5th digits have evolved into dewclaws which have regressed over time
Definition
True, farm animals also have no thumbs
Term
What are the two layers of a hoof?
Definition
1) outer layer: cornified layer derived from epidermis; avascular and insensitive to pain
2) inner vascularized dermis ("corium"); has blood vessels for nutrients and innervated
Term
True or false: The hooves are abiotic, therefore they require no trimming
Definition
False: Hoof growth is continuous so trimming is required
Term
The functions of a hoof include:
Definition
- maintain traction
- defense against predators
- for catching prey
Term
Horse shoes:
Definition
- Increase traction
- increase integrity
- strengthen the foot
- prevent expansion of hoof
- provide protective barrier b/w hoof and ground
Term
On which bone of the skull are horns located?
Definition
The frontal bone
Term
The horn core/germinal center/bud/button is covered by which layer of integument?
Definition
Dermis (corium)
Term
Horns elongate from which end?
Definition
the base
Term
Horn cells are considered to be which type of cells?
Definition
Epidermal cells
Term
What is the horn made up of?
Definition
Dense keratin, like the hoof wall and hair
Term
List the four factors affecting horn growth
Definition
1) nutrition
2) sex: females have smaller or no horns
3) species
4) genetics: polled cattle lack horns naturally)
Term
What is the main idea behind dehorning (what is done) and what are two ways to do it?
Definition
The corium where horn buds are formed is destroyed;
1. Button removed surgicaly
2. Button destroyed with hot iron or caustic paste
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