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Integument test 3
integument test 3 info
114
Anatomy
Graduate
08/22/2010

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Term
the epidermis is:
Definition
- stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Term
the cells of the epidermis include:
Definition
- Keratinocytes
- Langerhan cells
- Merkel cells
- Melanocytes
- Stem cells
Term
Keratinocytes make keratin, an ___ ____ protein , found in all ___ layers of the epidermis.
Definition
- intermediate protein filament
- 5 layers of epidermis
Term
keratinocytes are inteconnected via ___.
Definition
desmosomes
Term
keratinocytes are replaced every __ to ___ days.
Definition
25 to 45
Term
Chemical barriers of the Integument:
Definition
- acidic mantel secretion
- sebum= bacteriocidal
- melanin in keratinocytes prevent damage to nucleus
- alpha and beta defensins= natural cystein rich cationic antibiotics that defend against bacteria, fungi, and some viruses
Term
Integument as a biological barrier:
Definition
- Langerhan cells= antigen presenting cells
- macrophages in dermis are first line of defense
Term
in extreme cold, dermal blood vessels ___ to reduce passive heat loss.
Definition
constrict
Term
vascular supply within skin accounts for __% of blood in body, this can be shunted when exercising etc.
Definition
5
Term
Cutaneous sensation be integument:
Definition
- Meissner's corpuscles within dermal papillae
- Pacinian corpuscles within dermis and hypodermis
Term
hypodermis is also called the __ __ or the ___ ___
Definition
-superficial fascia
- panniculus adipose
Term
melanocytes are derived from the __ __, and are attached to the basal lamina via ____, but are not connected to other cells by desmosomes.
Definition
neural crest
hemidesmosomes
Term
Melanocytes stain ___, but have abundant ___, __, and ____.
Definition
- mitochondria
- golgi
- RER
Term
Where are melanocytes found?
Definition
- strata basale and spinosum of epidermis
Term
Melanocytes use the enzyme,____, to make ____ from ____.
Definition
- tyrosinase
- melanin
- tyrosine
Term
Melanin granules are taken up the keratinocytes of the ___ ___ and ____.
Definition
strata basale
spinosum
Term
2 ways you can get tan:
Definition
- sun UV radiation increases synthesis of melanin in melanocytes
- sun darkens preexisting melanin that is released into keratinocytes
Term
melanin granules are in what region of a keratinocyte and for what purpose?
Definition
- supranuclear region, to protect the nucleus
Term
4 stages of development of a melanin granule (melanosome):
Definition
- stage 1: vesicle containing tyrosinase is surrounded by a membrane
- stage 2: melanin becomes deposited on a protein matrix
- stage 3: melanin formation increases
- stage 4: the mature melanin granule is formed with melanin filling up the vesicle
Term
A melanosome migrates within the cytoplasmic extension of the ____ and gets injected into the ____ of the ___ ___ or the ____.
Definition
- melanocyte
- keratinocyte
- strata basale
- spinosum
Term
melanin gets degraded as it travels up to the superficial layers of skin, why?
Definition
- the granules fuse with lysosome and it gets degraded b/c the superficial cells don't have a nucleus, only keratin, so don't need protectoin melanin provides
Term
Albinism is a hereditary disease caused by lack of ___ or the inability of cells to take up ___.
Definition
- tyrosinase
- tyrosine

resulting in melanoctyes having a decreased capacity to synthesize melanin
Term
Langheran cells are also called ___ ___ cells.
Definition
- epidermal dendritic cells
Term
Langerhan cells are ___ that migrate to the ___ from the ____ and are the __ __ __ of the skin. Langerhan cells are primarily in the ___ ___ of skin.
Definition
- macrophages
- epidermis
- blood
- antigen presenting cells
- stratum spinosum
Term
Langerhan cells present antigen to ___ ____ which in turn present to ___ ____.
Definition
- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
Term
merkel cells are associated with ___ ____.
Definition
nerve endings
Term
Merkel cells are found at the:
Definition
epidermis/dermis junction in the stratum basale
Term
Merkel cell function:
Definition
- sensory receptor for touch
Term
Layers of the Epidermis:
Definition
BSGIC: Betsy Said Garret Looks Cute.
- stratum Basale aka germinativum
- stratum Spinosum
- stratum Granulosum
- stratum Lucidum
- stratum Corneum
Term
Melanocytes are in the ___ ___ and the ____. Langerhan cells are in the ____. Merkel cells are in the ___ ___.
Definition
Melanocytes- stratum basale and spinosum
Langerhan cells- spinosum
Merkel cells - stratum basale
Term
The stratum basale, the ____ layer of the epidermis, is also called the germinativum b/c there are ___ cells there undergoing ___>
Definition
- innermost
- germ cells
- mitosis
Term
What region of the epidermis is the nucleus lost?
Definition
- stratum granulosum
Term
what layer of epidermis is only in really thick skin?
Definition
- stratum lucidum
Term
by what layer is there only keratin left in the cell?
Definition
- outermost, stratum corneum
Term
The stratum basale is a __ layer of ___ cells attached to the basal lamina by ___. Cells in this layer include:
Definition
- sinlge
- cuboidal
- hemidesmosomes
- keratinocytes
- melanocytes
- merkel cells
- stem cells
Term
Meissner's corpuscles and Merkel cells sense __ ___, while the paccinian corpuscles sense ___ and ___.
Definition
- light touch
- pain and pressure
Term
- cells in the stratum basale contain ___.
Definition
cytokeratins
Term
The keratinocytes in the stratum spinosum are attached by ___.
Definition
desmosomes
Term
squamous cell carcinoma happens in what layer of the epidermis?
Definition
stratum spinosum
Term
cells in the stratum spinosum accumulate ___ ___ and some cells are ___.
Definition
- melanin granules
- mitotic
Term
The Malpighian layer includes the stratum ___ and the stratum ___, since both of these layers have mitotic cells.
Definition
- stratum basale
- stratum spinosum
Term
In the Malpighian layer bundles of ___ insert into the ___ ____ of the ____ and maintain cell attachment and prevent abrasion from shearing forces.
Definition
- tonofilaments
- cytoplasmic densities of the desmosomes
Term
the stratum granulosom is how many cell layers thick?
Definition
3-5
Term
what accumulates in the stratum granulosum?
Definition
- keratohyaline
- lamellated granules
Term
what to keratohyaline granules do in the stratum granulosum?
Definition
- contribute to keratin aggregation in more superficial strata of epidermis
Term
The ___ ___ in the stratum granulosum, release a ___ that slows ___ loss across the epidermis and between cells.
Definition
- lamellated granules
- glycolipid
- water
Term
Cells in the stratum granulosum start to lose their ___ and eventually die via ____.
Definition
nucleus
apoptosis
Term
stratum lucidem is present in thick skin and is ___ cells thick.
Definition
2-5
Term
Cells in the stratum lucidum are:
Definition
- thin, transparent, dead, closely packed, lack organelles and a nucleus
Term
the stratum corneum is the ___ layer of skin and is how thick?
Definition
- outermost
- 15-30 cells in thickness
Term
the glycolipids from the ___ ___ waterproof the ___ ____.
Definition
stratum granulosum
stratum corneum
Term
stratum corneum accounts for 3/4 of the thickness of the epidermis
Definition
Term
___ makes the stratum corneum cells durable.
Definition
keratin
Term
Keratinocytes, interconnected by ____, are sloughed off and replaced by deeper cells.
Definition
desmosomes
Term
After keratinization, cells of the stratum corneum, consist only of ___ proteins and ____ proteins and a thickened plasma membrane, so the cells are called ___ cells.
Definition
- fibrillar
- amorphous
- horny
Term
Psoriasis:
Definition
- mitotic activity of stratum basale and spinosum has increased but cell cycle time has decreased
- epidermal cells are renewed every week instead of every month, so you see immature cells making up the psoriasis plaque
Term
The dermis is made of connective tissue and contains ___, ___, and ___ fibers.
Definition
- collagen
- elastic
- reticular
Term
cells in the dermis area:
Definition
- Fibroblasts
- Mast cells
- Macrophages
- Leukocytes
Term
the dermis has lots of what?
Definition
- nerve fibers
- blood vessels
- lymphatic vessels
Term
hair follicles reside in the ___ but originate in the ___.
Definition
dermis
epidermis
Term
Blister
Definition
- caused by heat, separation of dermis and epidermis > fluid filled pocket in between
Term
hair follicles are invaginations of the __ into the ___.
Definition
epidermis
dermis
Term
The most superficial layer of the dermis is the _____.
Definition
papillary layer
Term
the dermal papillae indent the overlying epidermis
Definition
Term
what corpuscles are found the papillary layer of the dermis?
Definition
- Meissner's corpuscles
Term
Merkel cells are in the ___, Meissner corpuscles are in the ___ layer of the ___.
Definition
merkel cells> epidermis
meissner's corpuscles > papillary layer of dermis
Term
dermal ridges (palms and soles of feet) result in epidermal ridges called __ ___.
Definition
rete pegs
Term
the ___ layer is the deepest layer of the dermis and constitues ___% of the dermis's thickness.
Definition
reticular
80%
Term
The reticular layer of the dermis is a ___ ___ tissue.
Definition
dense connective
Term
In the reticular layer of the dermis, collagen runs parallel to the skin, allowing for __ and ___.
Definition
- strenght
- resilliance
Term
in the reticular layer, ___ provides for stretch and recoil, while ___ provides for strength and durabiliy.
Definition
- elastic
- collagen
Term
Pacinian corpuscles are _____ found in the ___ layer of the dermis.
Definition
- mechanoreceptors
- reticular layer
Term
sweat glands are also known as:
Definition
- sudoriferous glands
Term
what are the most numerous type of sweat glands?
Definition
- Eccrine sweat glands aka merocrine sweat glands
Term
where can eccrine sweat glands be found?
Definition
- palms
- soles of feet
- forehead
Term
The eccrine sweat gland is a ___ ___ __ __ who empties onto the ___ surface at its pore.
Definition
- simple coiled tubular gland
- skin
Term
define sweat:
Definition
- hypotonic filtrate of blood plasma that passes through the secretory cells and is released by exocytosis
Term
sweat contents:
Definition
- water
- salt
- vitamin C
- antibodies
- urea/uric acid
- lactic acid
Term
normally sweat is acidic or basic?
Definition
acidic
Term
sweating is controlled by the :
Definition
SNS
Term
The axillary sweat gland is found where?
Definition
- axillary
- anogenital areas
Term
appocrine glands are ___ than eccrine glands and empty into the ___ ___.
Definition
larger
hair follicle
Term
secretion from apocrine glands is more ___ than that from eccrine glands.
Definition
viscous
Term
apocrine sweat is actually ____ but starts to smell due to ___.
Definition
odorless
bacteria compromise
Term
Ceruminous gland:
Definition
- modified apocrine gland
- found in external ear canal
- secretes ear wax
Term
Mamillary gland:
Definition
- modified apocrine sweat gland found in breast
- secretes milk
Term
Sebaceous glands are ___ ___ glands found all over the body except for the palms and soles of feet.
Definition
simple alveolar
Term
sebaceous glands secrete sebum into the _____ ___.
Definition
- hair follicle
Term
sebaceous glands are called ____ glands b/c the ___ and __ are secreted.
Definition
holocrine
lipid
cytoplasm
Term
role of sebum
Definition
lubricate hair and skin, prevent hair from becoming brittle
Term
what controls secretion of sebaceous glands.
Definition
androgens
Term
if sebum accumulates you get a ___. if it dries and oxidizes you get a ___.
Definition
- whitehead
- blackhead
Term
cause of Acne:
Definition
- inflammation of sebaceous glands resulting in pimples
Term
Seborrhea
Definition
- baby acne due to overactive sebaceous glands
Term
components of hair
Definition
- shaft- what you see
- root- embedded in the skin
Term
The ___ of hair is central and consists of large cells. The ___ around the medulla consists of several layers of flattened cells. The ___ is the outermost layer of hair and consists of a single layer of cells overlapping like shingles.
Definition
- medulla
- cortex
- cuticle
Term
hair pigment is provided by ___ at the base of the hair follicle. the melanin granules are then transferred to the ___ __.
Definition
melanocytes
cortex cells
Term
the hair follicle extends from the epidermis to the dermis or hypodermis. The end of the hair follicle is called the __ ___, here you find ___ and ___. Surrounding the hair bulb is a __ __ ___ containing nerve endings.
Definition
- hair bulb
- melanoctyes
- stem cells
- root hair plexus
Term
what provides nutrients to growing hair?
Definition
- capillaries in the papillary layer of the dermis
Term
the wall of the hair follicle consists of:
Definition
- outer connective tissue sheath from the dermis
- inner epithelial root sheath from the epidermis
Term
the epitheleal root sheath contains and external and internal root sheath. Also there is a glassy membrane bw the connective tissue sheath and the epithelal root sheath.
Definition
Term
Arrector pilli muscles are ___ muscle connecting the ___ ___ sheath to the ____ ___ of the dermis.
Definition
- smooth
- connetive root sheath
- papillary layer
Term
contraction of arrector pilli muscles, causes hair to be erect> goose bumps
Definition
Term
growth cycles of hair have what 2 phases:
Definition
active phase
resting phase
Term
hair follicles of scalp remain active for years and then become inactive for afew months
Definition
Term
nails are ___ like modifications of the ___.
Definition
scale like
epidermis
nail= superficial layers of epidermis
nail bed= deeper layers of epdermis
Term
lunula
Definition
region over thickend nail matrix
Term
first degree burns affect:
Definition
-only dermis> redness
Term
2nd degree burns affect:
Definition
- epidermis and upper dermis> blisters
Term
3rd degree burns:
Definition
affects entire thickness of skin> skin may be blackened, nerve endings destroyed
Term
what is the most common but least malignant cnacer?
Definition
- basal cell carcinoma
Term
squamous cell carcinoma:
Definition
This cancer arises from cells of the stratum spinosum.
Most often it arises on the scalp, ears, dorsum of hands and lower lip.
This cancer grows rapidly and will metastasize to lymph nodes if not removed.
If caught early, surgery and/or radiation treatments provide an excellent chance of a cure.
Term
Malignant melanoma;
Definition
This cancer accounts for 5% of all skin cancers and is the most dangerous cancer.
1/3 of this melanoma begin from pigmented moles.
The survival rate is 50%.
Term
ABCD for recognizing melanoma:
Definition
A - asymmetry (two sides of pigmented spot or mole do not match).
B - border irregularity (borders indented, not smooth.)
C - color - (several colors are noted, such as black, brown, tan, blue and red).
D - diameter (is the diameter of the spot larger than 6mm or 1/4 of an inch).
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