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Definition
| The distinguishing feature of a castle- clearly indicating that the castle was built to withstand battle. A crenellation was a rampart built around the top of the castle with regular gaps for firing arrows, situated on the top of the castle towers and walls. Crenels- the gap, Merlons- the solid portion |
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Definition
| A passageway into an ancient subterranean tomb |
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Definition
| a passageway into an ancient subterranean tomb |
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| The Ishtar Gate, one of the eight gates of the inner city of Babylon. Only the foundations of the gate were found, going down some 45ft, with molded, unglazed figures |
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Definition
| Stepped towers that lead up the entrance of a temple on a platform |
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Definition
| a human form of an object, emphasizing physical shape, materials, and behavioral qualities |
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| Classical architecture, a long sequence of columns joined by their entablature, often freestanding or part of a building |
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Definition
| lower part of a wall, below the dado rail and above the skirting board, traditionally given a different decorative treatment |
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Definition
| The slab at the top of the capital between the capital and the architectural member above |
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| Set or turned back to back, the top part of a pillar or column |
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| an oval ring that is a hieroglyph representation of a length of rope folded and tied at one end, encircling the name hieroglyph of egyptian kings |
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| The technique of painting in watercolors on dry plaster |
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Greek: Body of lion, wings of great bird, head of woman
Egyptian: Body of lion, head of man, protector |
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Definition
| naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver, with trace amounts of copper and other metals, often referred as "white gold" by Greeks |
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Definition
| a form of longitudinal orientation along a long axis like many churches and basiicas so that you progress from front to back the long way |
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Definition
| a form of molding usually found on columns |
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Definition
| a combosite building material used for making walls, in which woven lattice of wooden stripps called wattle is daubed with a sticky material usually made of some combination of wet soil, clay, sand, animal dung, and straw |
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Definition
| an upright 4-sided usually monolithic pillar that gradually tapers as it rises and terminates in a pyramid |
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Definition
| monumental gateway of an Egyptian temple consisting of two tapering towers, each surmounted by a cornice, joined by a section half the height which enclosed the entrance. |
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Definition
| Kheker frieze are used in temples, tombs and funerary equipment as applied motifs |
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Definition
| A small-scale geometric pattern in a set layout of interlocking or closely aligned forms. Also a weave forming a diamond pattern |
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| Simple but well made. Elaborate for the wealthy and Kings. Wooden frameworks elaborated by gold sheaths. Footboard and head rest |
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Definition
| appear to have been of great richness and splendour. Fashioned of ebony and ivory or carved and gilded wood, covered in costly materials and supported upon representations of the legs of beasts or figures of captives. represent natural from |
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Definition
| A natural building material made from sand, clay, water, and some kind of fibrous or organic material. Shaped into bricks by using frames and dried in the sun |
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| A large molding of convex profile commonly occurring as the lowest molding in the base of a column |
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Definition
| An archlike structure in which the sides are formed by corbelling a masonry construction (usually curved) for spanning an open and supporting the weight above it |
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Definition
| "house for eternity", a type of ancient egyptian tomb in the form of a flat roofed rectangular structure with outward sloping sides that marked the burial site of many eminent Egyptians, constructed out of mud-bricks or stone |
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Definition
| A structure whose outer surfaces are roughly triangular and converge to a single pint at the top. |
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Definition
| Round concave molding continuing at least a quarter circle |
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Definition
| A large hall or audience chamber often open on one side and found in parthian architecture |
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Term
Who's motifs do these belong to?
Sun, Adjat eye, ankh, bee, star, cobra, lotus, papyrus, symbol of unification (plants twined around a windpipe), scarab
Band patterns: Guilloche, palmette, lotus, papyrus, wave, spiral |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Campaniform, Palmate, Tent Pole, Papyriform, Hathor, Lotiform |
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Definition
| a legendary creature with the body of a lion and the head and wings of an eagle, thought to be an especially powerful and majestic creatures known for guarding treasure and priceless possessions |
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Definition
| the substructure of moldings and bands which lie horizontally above the columns resting on their capitals. Mad of major elements of classical architecture and are commonly divided into the architrave, the Frieze, and the cornice |
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Definition
| The great hall of the Grecian palace complexes. Rectangular hall fronted by an open, two columned porch, and a more ore less central opean hearth vented though an oculus in the roof above it and surrounded by 4 columns. Very colorful, made with the Minoan architectural order |
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Definition
| also known as a Labrynth, the largest Bronze Age archeological site on Crete and probably the ceremonial and political center of Minoan civilization and culture |
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Definition
| the entrance to the city of Mycenae. Two lions rampant are carved in stone relief atop the gate located in Greece |
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Definition
| a permanent fast-drying painting medium consisting of colored pigment mixed with a water soluble binder medium (usually a glutinous material such as egg yolk) Long lasting! |
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Definition
| a painting also known as hot wax painting, involves using hteated beeswax to which colored pigments are added. Applied to a surface, usually prepared wood. |
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Definition
| stood directly on the flat pavement of a temple without a base. Vertical shafts were fluted with 20 parallel concave groves. Topped by a smooth capital that flared from the column to meet a square abacus at the intersection with the horizontal beam (entablature) they carried |
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Term
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Definition
| NORMALLY STANDS ON A BASE WHIC SEPARATES THE SHAFT OF THE COLUN FROM THE STYLOBATE OR PLATFORM. THE CAP IS USUALLY ENRICHED WITH EGG AND DART. ORIGINALLY VOLUTES LAY IN A SINGLE PLANE; THEN WAS SEEN THAT THEY COULD BE ANGLED OUT ON THE CORNERS |
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Definition
| offshoot the composite, it stated to be the most ornate of orders, characterized by slender fluted columns and elaborate capitals decorated with acanthus leaves and scrolls |
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Term
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Definition
| A classical architectural element consisting of the triangular section found above the structure (entablature) typically supported by columns. Gable end of pediment surrounded by the cornice molding. Tympanum (triangular area within the pediment) often decorated with sculptures and releifs demonstrating scenes of Greek and Roman mythology or allegorical figures |
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Term
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Definition
| Also called an epistyle, is the lintel or beam that rests on the capitals of the columns. Architectural element in classical architecture |
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Term
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Definition
| a wide central section part of an entablature and may be plain in the Ionic or Doric order, or decorated with bas-reliefs.Lies upon the architrave and is capped by the moldings of the cornice |
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Term
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Definition
| terracotta cones pushed point-first into a background to give decoration. Pebble pavements, different colored stones to create patterns, unstructured decoration |
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Term
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Definition
| Ornaments projecting at regular intervals above a Greek cornice, originally to conceal the ends of roof tiles |
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Term
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Definition
| A sharp edge or ridge formed by the intersection of two curved surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
| in architecture, are small square components in the Doric capital under the quarter-round |
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Term
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Definition
| A slab that forms the uppermost member or division of the capital of a column |
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Term
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Definition
| The rounded molding that lies directly beneath the abacus in the capital of a column in the Greek doric order |
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Term
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Definition
| a slighly projecting rectangular tablet in a doric frieze with two vertical channels of V section and two corresponding chamfers or half channels on the vertical sides |
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Term
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Definition
| the space between two triglyphs of a doric frieze often adorned with carved work |
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Definition
| an ancient Greek portico usually walled at the back with a front colonnade designed to afford a sheltered promenade |
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Definition
| a type of ancient Greek chair, , signifies an armchair, but no specific description is given of its form |
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Term
| X shaped stool (diphoros okladias) |
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Definition
| easily movable stool that did not have a specific place in the home. Designed by the Egyptians. Consisted of 3 animal legs pointed inward and ended with lion's paws. Covered in piles or fleece to increase sitting comfort |
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Term
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Definition
| An ancient Greek chair, usually highly ornamented, having a high seat and back and rectangular turned or carved legs ending in animal feet |
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Definition
| Couches of ancient Greece were combinations of beds and sofas. Made for sleeping as well as dining. During meals Greek diners would lie down rather than sit to eat. Stood high, a headboard instead of a foot board as seen in egyptian |
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Term
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Definition
| in architecture, the semi-cirular or triangular decorative wall surface over an entrance, bounded by a lintel and arch. Often contains sculpture of other imagery or ornament, usually religous |
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Definition
| One of the small squares of stone or glass used in making mosaic patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| The formal, central hall of the roman domus. Small bedrooms or cubicula branched off from this space. Open to the air and held a small pool to collect rain |
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Term
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Definition
| a central opening in the roof of the atrium that let in light and air. The roof sloped downward around this opening and special tiles with waterspouts caught rainwater and channeled it into the pool below the opening |
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Term
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Definition
| a pool that captured rainwater from the compluvium in the atrium |
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Definition
| an architectural element formed by the extrusion of a single curve (or a pair of curves) along a given distance. Typically circular in shape, lending a semi-cylindrical appearance. Simplest form of a vault |
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Term
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Definition
| Descritpion of a building dependent on the use of the arch, not post and lintel |
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Term
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Definition
| a production of the intersection of 2 barrel vaults at right angles. |
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Term
| Broke Pediment/Open Pediment |
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Definition
| the normal angular slope of the raking cornice is replaced by one in the form of a segment of a circle, in the matter of a depressed arch.Broken pediment: the raking cornice is left open at the apex |
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Term
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Definition
| similar to the doric order, but follows the ratios of the Ionic order. Solidest and least ornate |
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Term
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Definition
| a mixed order combining the volutes of the Ionic order capital and the acanthus leaves of the Corinthian order. Volutes are larger, and also has a echinus molding with egg and dart ornament between the volutes. |
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Term
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Definition
| A slightly-projecting column built into or applied to the face of a wall. Most commonly flattened or rectangular in form, pilasters can also take a half-round form or the shape of any type of column, including tortile |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a column embedded in a wall and partly projecting from the surface of the wall, sometimes defined as a semi or three-quarter detached. Rarely found in Greek Architecture, profusely found in Roman Architecture |
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Term
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Definition
| Smooth (opposed to fluted) shafts, and the volutes are often pulled out of the corners for more drama. |
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Term
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Definition
| Enriched block or horizontal bracket generally found under the cornice and above the bedmold of the Corinthian entablature. |
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Term
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Definition
| A rectangular plaza surrounded by the ruins of several important ancient government buildings at the center of the city of Rome, originally referred to as the marketplace |
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Term
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Definition
| A monumental structure in the shape of an archway with one or more arched passageways, often designed to span a road. Consists of 2 massive piers connected by an arch crowned with a flat entablature or attickon which a statue might be mounted, or bears commemorative inscriptions. |
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Term
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Definition
| A columned porch or open colonnade in a building surrounding a court that may contain an internal garden |
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Term
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Definition
| A formal dining room in a Roman building. A sort of couch or rather chaise lounge. Each couch was wide enough to accommodate three diners who reclined on their left side on cushions |
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Definition
| An art technique popularized in the ancient and medieval Roman world where materials were cut and inlaid into walls and floors to make a picture or pattern. Common materials : marble, mother of pear, and glass. Materials were cut in thin pieces, polished, then trimmed further according to a chosen pattern |
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Term
| Incrustation- Wall painting |
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Definition
| The first style of wall painting characterized by the simulation of marble (marble veneering) with other simulated elements (suspended alabaster discs in vertical lines, 'wooden' beams in yellow and 'pillars' and 'cornices' in white), and the use of vivid colors, both being a sign of wealth |
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Term
| Architectonic- Wall painting |
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Definition
| The second style of wall painting, where walls were decorated with architectural features. |
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Term
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Definition
| the semblance of architectural construction became the subordinate to decoration, and the paintings within the borders became prominent. Detailed candelabra motifs is common. |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of elements from the first three styles (Incrustation, Architectonic, and Ornate), producing a highly complex and visually intense experience |
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Term
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Definition
| A seat was the chair upon which senior magistrates or pro-magistrates were entitled to sit |
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Term
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Definition
In Rome: tha name used to describe the Klismos chair, more cushioning was used.
Now is used to refer to the chair used by a high religious authority in the catholic church- a raised bishops throne in the front of the apse behind the altar |
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Term
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Definition
| A stiff, straight, high backed chair deliberately are so high that footstool was necessary. The chair a patron sat when he received clients in the atrium. |
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Term
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Definition
| Found at the end of Roman beds or couches, in the form of a Molossian hound protaome, it's head turned to the right, mouth open, tongue lolling, earls slightly forward, incised fur with thick tufts on the head and neck, lower end of terminal with medallion bust of cupid in high relief, looking to his left, wings emerging from shoulders, hair pulled into top knot, berried garland around neck, the two joined by thick frame |
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Term
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Definition
| Whilst eating their meals, wealthy Romans reclined on sumptuous couches of a semicircular form, around a table which was of the same shape. Perhaps the most important item of Roman style furniture which was also used for sleeping, sitting, and relaxing. |
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Term
Where were these Motifs seen?
Fret, swastika, Geometric forms, highly stylized images, water leaf, egg and dart, anthemion, bead and reel, dentils, female sphinx, griffin, rinceaux, bucrania, acanthus, nilotic scenes, imperial eagle, thunderbolt, fasces |
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Definition
| Romans- bolde,r more elaborate than greek |
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Term
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Definition
| Large building erected by the Romans for transacting business and disposing of legal matters. Rectilinear, roofed hall, usually contained an interior colonnade, with an apse at one end or at each end. Central aisle tended to be wide and was higher than the flanking aisles so that light could penetrate through the clerestory windows. Gradually emerged the massive Romanesque chruches |
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Term
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Definition
| A large tomb; especially: a usually stone building with places for entombment of the dead above ground |
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Term
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Definition
| A church or other edifice built at a site, especially a tomb, associated with a Christian martyr or saint |
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Term
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Definition
| A part of a church or formerly a seperate building used for baptism. |
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Term
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Definition
| The transverse part of a cruciform church, crossings the nave at right angles. A rectangular area which cuts across the main axis of a basilica-t7-e building and projects beyond it, giving it the shape of a Latin cross |
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Term
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Definition
| A semicircular or polygonal aisle, often leads around the east end of the choir; separating the choir from the apses or chapels |
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Term
| Icons of Christian/Byzantine |
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Definition
| Specific to this period of history, representations of saints, the Virgin Mary, Jesus Christ, and other major figures in the Christian Tradition |
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Term
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Definition
| Specialized mosaic tesserae made from richly colored glass. Originally developed for Byzantine mosaics, the glass contains metal oxides which produce an almost infinite range of color possibilities. A thin layer of gold leaf can be embedded to produce gold tesserae, ______ mosaics are normally ungrouted. |
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Definition
| A spherical triangle which acts as a transition between a circular dome and a square base on which a dome is set |
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Term
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Definition
| Octogonal tower sections or domes sitting on top of square sections have a problem at the corners which are now unsupported. |
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Term
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Definition
| Perforated stone or latticed screen, usually with an ornamental pattern constructed through the use of calligraphy and geometry.Typically used Islamic geometric patterns and less often arabesques |
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Term
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Definition
| An Arabic term given to a type of projecting oriel window enclosed with carved wood lattice work lated on the second story of a building or higher. Often lined with stain glass. Mostly used on the street side of the building. |
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Term
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Definition
| a piece of couch like sitting furniture. Primarily in the middle east, a long seat formed of a mattress laid against the side of the room, upon the floor or upon a raised structure or frame, with cushions to lean against |
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Term
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Definition
| a from of artistic decoration consisting of "surface decorations based on rhythmic linear patterns of scrolling and interlacing foliage, tendrils", or plain lines often combined with other elements. |
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Term
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Definition
| emblematic arch of islamic architecture, can take a rounded, pointed, or lobed form |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure (arch) that spans a space and supports a load. Ancient Romans were the first to apply the technique to a wide range of structures |
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Term
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Definition
| A great architectural beauty and an important monument for both Byzantine and the Ottoman Empires. Once a church, later a mosque, and now a museum. |
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Term
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Definition
| A church styled an "ecclesiastical basilica" in the Roman Catholic Church, though is not of architectural basilica form. Most important examples of early Christian Byzantine Art and architecture in western Europe |
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Term
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Definition
| A dome often larger in diameter than the drum upon which they are set, and their height usually exceeds their width. Bulbous structures taper smoothly to a point |
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Term
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Definition
| A curve often used in molding, shaped somewhat like an S consisting of two arches that curve in opposite senses, so that the ends are parallel |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of corbel employed as a decorative device in traditional Islamic and Persian architecture. Takes the form of small pointed niches, staked in tears, commonly constructed of brick, stone, stucco, or wood, clad with painted tiles, wood, or plaster, and are typically applied to domes, pendetives, cornices, squinches and the undersides of arches and vaults |
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Term
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Definition
| A semi-cirucular niche in the wall of a mosque that indicates the qilba, that is, the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca and hence the direction that Muslims should face when praying. |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of fortified tower built within castles during the Middle Ages by European Nobility. Large twoers in clastles that were fortified residences, used as a refuge of last resort should the rest of the castle fall to an adversary |
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Term
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Definition
| An entrance area at the west end of a church with upper chamber and usually with tower or towers. Normally broader than the width of the nave and aisles. |
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Term
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Definition
| A capital decorated with figures of animals, bird, or humans, used either alone or combined with foliage. The figures may be symbolic or part of a narrative sequence, though they need not have any meaning. Most commonly used in the Romanesque |
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Term
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Definition
| A solid exterior angle (as of a building) one of the members (as a block) forming a ____ and usually differentiated from the adjoining walls by material, texture, color, size, or projection |
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Term
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Definition
| a decorative blind arcade, usually exterior, often used during the Romanesque and Gothic periods of architecture |
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Term
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Definition
| A massive cylindrical support |
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Term
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Definition
| an item of furniture compromising two or three trestle supports linked by a longitudinal cross-member over which a board is placed |
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Term
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Definition
| a word that describes the canopy. The rigid wooden frame or metal rods supporting the draped canopy. |
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Term
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Definition
| A high wall with a band of narrow windows along the very top. ususally rises above adjoining roofs. |
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Term
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Definition
| an area between the extradoses of two adjoining arches, or between the extradose of an arch and a perpendicular through the estrados at the springing line. |
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Term
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Definition
| thick areas of stone to separate glozed areas. The window may look as if it had been filled in with stone, then small openings cut through for the glass. The stone dominates the window |
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Term
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Definition
| A movable folding chair used in pontifical functions by the bishop outside of his cathedral, or within it if he is not at the throne or cathedra. |
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Term
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Definition
| An inhabitant of a town, especially a a member of the middle class; citizen |
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Term
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Definition
| Tracery which is composed of thin stone elements rather than thick ones as in plate tracery. The glass rather than the stone dominates when it is used. More of a delicate, web-like effect |
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Term
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Definition
| quadripartite, sexpartite, stellar/lierne vault, fan vault |
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Term
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Definition
| An ogive is the roundly tapered end of a 2-dimensional or 3-dimensional object |
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Term
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Definition
| a support built against a wall to support or reinforce it. ONe of the greatest innovations of the Gothic era. Allowed builders to construct high cathedrals with soaring interior spaces. |
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Term
| Tie Beam-Arcade post construction |
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Definition
| A horizontal beam forming the base of a triangular truss for a pitched roof, connecting the two side walls and supporting a pair of principles. In roof framing, a horizontal timber connecting two opposite rafters at their lowest ends to prevent them from spreading. |
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Term
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Definition
| A supporting post extending vertically from a cross beam to the apex of a triangular truss |
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Term
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Definition
| In gothic architecture, one of a pair of short horizontal members attached to the foot of a principal rafter in a roof, in the place of a tie beam |
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Term
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Definition
| A frame where the structure of the buildings depend on two or more 'A-Frames' which go from the top of the building down to the ground. usually constructed of timbers using the natural shape of a tree |
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Term
| Piers with engaged columns |
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Definition
| a square or composite pillar performing a similar function to a column. An engaged column- column attached to or partially sunk into a wall or pier. |
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Term
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Definition
| A circular window with mullions and traceries generally radiating from the centre, and filled with stained glasses. |
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Term
| Rail and Stile construction |
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Definition
| Frame and panel construction is a wood working technique often used in making doors, wainscoting, and other decorative features for cabinets, furniture, and homes. A floating panel within a sturdy frame. |
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