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Science Olympiad
55
Anatomy
8th Grade
02/10/2011

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Term
Vibrissae (guard hairs)
Definition
stiff hairs that filter large particles from the air
Term
Nasal cilia
Definition
hair-like projections that propel trapped particles towards the throat for digestion by
digestive enzymes
Term
Capillaries
Definition
rich supply of capillaries warm the inspired air
Term
Nasal conchae
Definition
folds in the mucous membrane that increase air turbulence and ensures that most
air contacts the mucous membranes
Term
Olfactory mucosa
Definition
mucous membranes that contain smell receptors
Term
Respiratory mucosa
Definition
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium containing goblet cells that
secrete mucus
Term
Mucus
Definition
Stickiness traps inhaled particles and Lysozyme kills bacteria
Term
Lymphocytes and IgA antibodies
Definition
protect against bacteria
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
air passage (pseudostratified columnar epithelium)
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
passageway for air, food, and drink (stratified squamous epithelium)
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
passageway for air, food, and drink (stratified squamous epithelium)
Term
Left and right primary bronchi
Definition
branch off
from trachea Once the left and right
primary bronchi enter the lungs they are
subdivided into smaller tubes
Term
Alveolar sacs
Definition
are clusters of alveoli -
the site of gas exchange
Term
Type I alveolar cells
Definition
allow for diffusion of gases (simple squamous epithelia)
Term
Type II alveolar cells
Definition
secrete surfactant (simple cuboidal epithelia)
Term
Dust cells
Definition
alveolar macrophages (leukocytes)
Term
Smooth muscle rings
Definition
aid in resistance to air flow
Term
Elastic connective tissue fibers
Definition
aid in expelling air from the lungs
Term
Apnea
Definition
temporary cessation of breathing (one or more skipped breaths)
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
labored, gasping breathing; shortness of breath
Term
Eupnea
Definition
normal, relaxed, quiet breathing
Term
Hyperpnea
Definition
increased rate and depth of breathing in response to exercise, pain, or other conditions
Term
Hyperventilation
Definition
increased pulmonary ventilation in excess of metabolic demand
Term
Hypoventilation
Definition
reduced pulmonary ventilation
Term
Orthopnea
Definition
Dyspnea that occurs when a person is lying down
Term
Respiratory Arrest
Definition
permanent cessation of breathing
Term
Tachypnea
Definition
accelerated respiration
Term
Tidal Volume (TV)
Definition
amount of air inhaled or exhaled with each breath under resting conditions
Term
Respiratory Volumes
Definition
values determined by using a spirometer
Term
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Definition
amount of air that can be inhaled during forced breathing in
addition to resting tidal volume
Term
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Definition
amount of air that can be exhaled during forced breathing in
addition to tidal volume
Term
Residual Volume (RV)
Definition
amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation.
Term
Vital Capacity
Definition
maximum amount of air that can be expired after taking the deepest breath
possible (VC = TV + IRV + ERV)
Term
Inspiratory Capacity
Definition
maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting
tidal volume (IC = TV + IRV)
Term
Inspiratory Capacity
Definition
maximum volume of air that can be inhaled following exhalation of resting
tidal volume (IC = TV + IRV)
Term
Functional Residual Capacity
Definition
volume of air remaining in the lungs following exhalation of
resting volume (FRC = ERV + RV)
Term
Total Lung Capacity
Definition
total volume of air that the lungs can hold (TLC = VC + RV)
Term
Anatomical dead space
Definition
areas of the conducting zone that contains air that never contributes to the
gas exchange in the alveoli
Term
Alveolar dead space
Definition
alveoli that or collapsed or obstructed and are not able to participate in gas
exchange
Term
Respiratory Capacities
Definition
values determined by adding two or more of the respiratory volumes
Term
Pulmonary Function Tests
Definition
enable obstructive pulmonary disorders to be distinguished from
restrictive disorders.
Term
Obstructive Disorders
Definition
do not reduce respiratory volumes, but the narrow the airway and interfere
with airflow
Term
Restrictive Disorders
Definition
disorders that stiffen the lungs and thus reduce compliance and vital
capacity
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
deficiency of oxygen in a tissue or the inability to use oxygen
Term
Oxygen Toxicity
Definition
excess oxygen, causing the build up of peroxides and free radicals
Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)
Definition
long-term obstruction of airflow and a substantial
reduction in pulmonary ventilation
Term
Chronic bronchitis
Definition
cilia are immobilized and reduced in number; goblet cells increase their
production of mucus → mucus clogs the airways and breeds infection
Term
Emphysema
Definition
alveolar walls break down and the surface area of the lungs is reduced
Term
Asthma
Definition
allergens trigger the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals that cause
intense bronchoconstriction
Term
Lung Cancer
Definition
cancer of the lungs
Term
Acute Rhinitis
Definition
the common cold
Term
Laryngitis
Definition
inflammation of the vocal folds
Term
Pneumonia
Definition
lower respiratory infection that causes fluid build up in the lungs
Term
Sleep apnea
Definition
Cessation of breathing for 10 seconds or longer during sleep
Term
Tuberculosis
Definition
pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis; reduces lung compliance
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