Term
| This is found in the upper respiratory tract and tonsils of lambs that are infected from ewes and causes feedlot pneumonia from stress and poor ventilation and also causes neonatral lamb septecemia. |
|
Definition
| Mannheimia haemolytica (majority of dz from serotype A2) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of respiratory disease in lambs and feedlot sheep in the US? |
|
Definition
| Mannheimia haemolytica (majority of dz from serotype A2) |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent neonatal septicemi/pneumonia in lambs and feedlot sheep? |
|
Definition
| Correct poor ventilation and LA 200 |
|
|
Term
| This is maintained in the tonsil and causes mucosal damage and is carried to the lungs and release endotoxin and causes acute septicemia in older lambs (sudden death)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An older lamb has necrotic erosions in the pharynx and abomasum and distention of the lungs with fluid. What is the cause of the clinical signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment options for sheep and goats with Bibersteinia trehalosi? |
|
Definition
Prevention: management. No vaccination.
Naxel & Micotil: sheep.
Goats: don't give Micotil!!!! |
|
|
Term
| This is a secondary invader that causes respiratory disease in sheep and goats and may contribute greatly to the lack of clinical response to Abx therapy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease does Bordetella parapertusssis cause in Small ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Chronic, non-progressive pneumonia in sheep that is most severe when other agents contribute to disease. |
|
|
Term
| ___________ is commonly found on mucosal surfaces of the oral and repro tract of normal sheep and is commonly found in confinement feedlots of the midwest and causes "Coughing Syndrome" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes coughing in sheep so much that they prolapse their rectum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Treating Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae with Micotil and Draxxin is rewarding in sheep if given early. |
|
Definition
| False: no vaccine. Prevention is key ...keep ammonia levels down. |
|
|
Term
| What causes the severe coughing that is seen with Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infections in sheep? |
|
Definition
| type 1 hypersensitivity that results in coughing |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 ways to prevent Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae infections in sheep? |
|
Definition
Prevent overcrowding
Good biosecurity
Lower ammonia levels |
|
|
Term
| This organism causes mild to subclinical disease in lambs but can weaken their immune system. They might also have mild lesions to fever and severe pneumonia with different serotypes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lamb is posted with bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia. The lamb was breathing very rapidly while alive and was depressed. What is a possible cause of these signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This virus is closely related to the bovine and human PI3 virus and causes brochiolitis and interstitial pneumonia in small ruminants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This virus concentrates mainly in cells of the alveolar walls, macrophages and bronchiolar epithelial cells and causes conjunctivitis and mild brochitis. |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
|
|
Term
| What virus causes conjunctivitis, mild bronchitis and alveolitis in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Respiratory Syncytial Virus |
|
|
Term
| A ewe presents with rhinitis, conjunctivitis and diarrhea. After taking a TPR you note muffled heart sounds, increased lung sounds, dyspnea and increased temp. What is a possible cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This organism cause pneumonia with small areas of consolidation and atelectasis that involves up to 80% of the lung. |
|
Definition
Chlamydophila pecorum
Chlamydophila psittaci |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat a case of Chlamydophila pecorum or Chlamydophila psittaci in a small ruminant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Its not clear what species of Chlamydophila causes respiratory problems. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name a non-oncogenic virus of the Lentivirus family that causes emaciation and severe respiratory distress in sheep |
|
Definition
| Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) |
|
|
Term
| What Lentivirus causes "wasting" in sheep and what causes the wasting? |
|
Definition
| Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) "Maedi" - wasting from chronic inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)is found worldwide and is a disease of adult sheep and goats with the disease being endemic in the US. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the route of infection for Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)? |
|
Definition
| Spread by direct contact: respiratory, salivary, milk and transplacental. |
|
|
Term
| If a ewe or doe is freshing and the herd has a history of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP), what is the one place that you must assess for the health of the offspring? |
|
Definition
| The udder: positive animals will have hard udders...mononuclear cells infiltrate the mammary tissue early in the disease stage. |
|
|
Term
| What do the mammary glands and the lungs have in common in a goat or sheep that have Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)? |
|
Definition
| there is an infiltration of mononulear cells |
|
|
Term
| What does the Visma of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) mean? |
|
Definition
| there is a wasting due to chronic inflammation of the CNS --> slowly progressive ataxia, abnormal head posture and trembling of the lips. |
|
|
Term
| How do you confirm a suspected case of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)? |
|
Definition
| Serologic testing (AGID) is standard. Also PCR. |
|
|
Term
| How can you decrease the amount of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP) in a herd? |
|
Definition
| Remove the lambs from ewes at birth & test lambs for transplacental transmission. |
|
|
Term
| What are the hallmark signs of Ovine Progressive Pneumonia (OPP)? |
|
Definition
Loss of condition
Absence of fever
Severe respiratory distress
Harding of mammary tissue |
|
|
Term
| T/F. CAE and OPP are in the same family of viruses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 forms of CAE? |
|
Definition
Encephalitic form: young goats
Arthritis: adult goats |
|
|
Term
| This is a multisystemic disease of domestic goats that is characterized by demyelination, leukoencehalomyelitis, synovitis and interstitial pneumonia. |
|
Definition
| Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE) |
|
|
Term
How is Caprine Arthritis Encephalitis (CAE)
transmitted? |
|
Definition
| Milk, colostrum, infected dams and trans-placental. |
|
|
Term
| A animal has the encephalitic form of CAE, what is the signalment and the clinical signs of the animal? |
|
Definition
1-4 month old goat.
Ataxia, posterior paresis, body tremors, eventual paralysis, interstitial pneumonia but no fever. |
|
|
Term
| What is the adult form of CAE? |
|
Definition
| Arthritis: adult goats: swelling of carpal, hock, and stifle joints. All synovial joints are eventually involved. |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis for a goat with the encephalitic form of CAE? The arthritic form? |
|
Definition
Encephalitic: grave
Arthritic: supportive care and good nutrition....can maintain for a while. |
|
|
Term
| This is a retrovirus that is distinct from OPP and causes infectious neoplastic disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long is the incubation period for Pulmonary Adenomatosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are effected by Pulmonary Adenomatosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the clinical signs that are caused by Pulmonary Adenomatosis? |
|
Definition
| Shortness of breath -->moist rales -->fatal secondary pneumonia. |
|
|
Term
| ___________causes tumors that are adenocarinomas of the type 2 alveolar cells in the lungs and sheep will eat normally but are very thin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Pulmonary Adenomatosis? |
|
Definition
| None...cull these animals and depopulate if endemic in the herd or widespread. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of contagious caprine pleuropneumonia? |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| This disease is common in Asia and Africa and has rapid transmission and causes a severe pleuropneomonia that is confined to the thoracic cavity and can cause sudden death. |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| This disease has high mortality rates and is highly contagious and causes severe pleuropneumonia. |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma capricolum subspecies capripneumoniae |
|
|
Term
| _____________ causes peracute high fevers and sudden death in kids, opisthotonus, dyspnea and mastitis. |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides LC |
|
|
Term
| What is a Ddx for Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides LC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______________ causes fibropurulent polysynovitis, polyserovitis, fibrinous pneumonia, bronchopneumona and pleuropneumonia. |
|
Definition
| Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides LC |
|
|
Term
| ___________- is caused by proteinaceous infectious particles and causes apprehensiveness, nervousness, staring and ataxia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gives rise to the different strains of srcapie? |
|
Definition
| PrPc -->PrPsc-->differences in nucleic acid sequences |
|
|
Term
| What determines the susceptibility and speed of onset in scrapie? |
|
Definition
| The V allele @ locus 136 and the Q allele at codon 171 |
|
|
Term
| What type of genotype do sheep that are more resistant and tend to develop disease later in life have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What breed of sheep contain 85% of US scrapie cases? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species are the natural hosts for scrapie? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the modes of transmission for scrapie in sheep? |
|
Definition
Transplacental-->vertical.
Horizontal between sheep |
|
|
Term
| T/F. There is evidence that scrapie can remain in the environment for some length of time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most scrapie infected sheep start showing clinical signs around _____ to _________ of age. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List some clinical signs of scrapie. |
|
Definition
| nervousness -->ataxia -->rubs wool off -->extrusion of tongue, smacking of lips -->weight loss -->recumbant -->100% mortality. |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions that scrapie cause? |
|
Definition
| bilaterally symmetrical neuronal vacuolation in brain stem and spinal cord |
|
|
Term
| What is a test that is able to determine if a sheep has scrapie while still alive? |
|
Definition
| IHC : tissue from the 2rd eyelid -->animals must be 14 months + |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common diagnosis in ovine abortions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of abortions in sheep are due to infectious causes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name some ways to prevent abortions in sheep and goats. |
|
Definition
Vaccinate for Campy.
Don't feed ewes on the ground.
Neuter cats -->maintain stable population
Prevent overcrowding.
Feed tetracycline last 6 weeks of gestation. |
|
|
Term
| _____________ causes abortions in the last 6 weeks of gestation and usually causes about 25% of abortions. |
|
Definition
| Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus |
|
|
Term
| A sheep has just aborted and there are lesions in the liver of the fetus, what is the cause of the abortion? |
|
Definition
| Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus |
|
|
Term
| There is a herd that is experiencing an abortion storm caused by Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus, what can you treat the herd with to prevent more abortions? |
|
Definition
| Treat all ewes with the labelled dose of inject-able Tilmicosin every 5 days. |
|
|
Term
| This is a highly contagious organism that can cause abortion storms and is spread by a fecal oral route and will cause donut-like yellow liver lesions in the fetuses liver. |
|
Definition
| Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus |
|
|
Term
| How can you prevent Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus in ewes? |
|
Definition
| Don't mix pregnant ewes, cholotetracycline during late gestation. |
|
|
Term
| _____________ can cause abortions, stillbirths and weak lambs with the majority of abortions in the last trimester and cause necrotic, grey cotyledons in the placenta. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A placenta has grey, necrotic lesions in the placenta, what is the cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to prevent Chlamydophila abortus abortions? |
|
Definition
| Tetracyclines mixed with feed before the abortion storm begins. |
|
|
Term
| _____________- is harbored in cats and spread to sheep when water and feed contaminated with oocysts from cat feces. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A placenta from an aborted fetus has focal necrosis and calcification of cotyledonary villi, what is the cause of the abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Monensin has good efficacy against Toxoplasma gondii and can be use to treat in small ruminants. |
|
Definition
| False: illegal to use in SR and questionable efficacy |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of Salmonella that cause abortions in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
S. typhimurium, S. arizonae, S. Dublin,
S. abortus ovis |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Salmonella can cause up to 60% loss due to abortions in storms. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cause of abortions will make the ewes very sick sick with a septicemia, placentitis and dark vaginal dicharge? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the fetus look like when there is an abortion caused by Salmonella? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Salmonella abortions in sheep and goats? |
|
Definition
| Prevent crowding and poor sanitation. Ampicillin will prolong shedding of the organism and should not be used in the absence of clinical signs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Hairy Shaker disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other virus is closely related to Border disease virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Border disease doesn't cause clinical disease in ewes and does. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______________ will cause abortions from 0-70 days and the date that the female is infected will determine the infection of the fetus and the presentation (fetal death, fetal reabsorption, mummy or PI) of the fetus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a ewe is infected with border disease virus and to fetus is not immunocompetent and the fetus survives, what does the fetus likely to have in the way of disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions that are seen if a ewe aborts because of Border Disease virus? |
|
Definition
| Fetus: dysmyelogenesis, neuronal vaculation |
|
|
Term
| If a lamb is infected in utero at 147 days of gestation with Border disease virus, what is the likely outcome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If a lamb is infected in utero at 90-147 days of gestation with Border Disease virus, what is the likely outcome for the lamb? |
|
Definition
| Congenital anomalies and weak lambs |
|
|
Term
| A herd of ewes show an increase in the # of barren ewes, lambs are undersized and have a hairy coat, muscle tremors and intention tremors as the walk. What is the possible cause of this herd's problems? |
|
Definition
| Border disease virus or Hairy Shaker disease |
|
|
Term
| What is the major source of infection for a herd that has Border Disease virus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you confirm your suspicion that a herd of sheep have Hairy Shaker disease? |
|
Definition
| Border disease virus: virus isolation form blood, fetal tissues, ear notch IHC? |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Border disease virus in a sheep herd? |
|
Definition
Keep sheep away from cattle?
Make sure ewes are exposed prior to breeding?
Use cattle vaccines?
There is no approved sheep vaccine |
|
|
Term
| ___________ causes epididymitis in rams and late term abortions, stillbirths and weak lambs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lamb fetus is found that was near term and the placenta has necrotic and suppurative lesions and the fetus has no lesions. What is the cause the the placentitis and abortions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Even though Brucella ovis causes a lot of problems in rams, it is not a common cause of abortions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You examine a ewe that has just aborted and she was to lamb in 3 weeks. The ewe has icteric mucous membranes, and is running a fever. What is a possible cause of the ewes condition and the abortion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| You suspect that a case of abortion that you saw this morning in a ewe that was running a fever, had icteric membranes and has anemia was cause by Leposporosis. How can you confirm your diagnosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is vaccination for Leptospirosis done commonly in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
| no- it is serogroup specific...so not routinely done |
|
|
Term
| _______________ is a rickettsial agent that is transmitted by aerosol and direct contact with reproductive discharges and causes abortions and is zoonotic. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Coxiella burnetii can be transmitted by arthropods. |
|
Definition
| True, but also direct contact and in milk. |
|
|
Term
| For what species is Coxiella more of a problem, sheep or goats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A goat has just aborted, the placenta has a grey-brown exudate and the intercodlyedonary areas are inflamed. What is the causative agent? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This virus is transmitted by mosquitoes and can infect in many animals and causes congenital arthrogryphosis-hyrdrancephaly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AGH lambs have poor muscle development and usually die early. When are the lambs usually infected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is usually caused by Cache Valley fever virus? |
|
Definition
Abortion
Dystocia
weak lambs
Stillbirths
congenital AGH |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause (s) of ulcerative Posthitis or pizzle rot? |
|
Definition
Cornynebacterium renale
Rhodococcus |
|
|
Term
| Why do small ruminants get a C.renale infection? |
|
Definition
| High protein diet -->urine with increase urea -->C.renale converts urea -->NH3 -->irritation and ulceration. |
|
|
Term
| T/F. C.renale is a pathogenic bacteria that can invade the prepuce and cause pizzle rot in rams and bucks. |
|
Definition
| False: normal flora that causes problems if the diet is to high in protein |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Pizzle rot? |
|
Definition
| Decrease dietary protein. Remove wool, debride & topicals. Penicillin. |
|
|
Term
| What type of sheep has the most problems with pizzle rot? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ is a condition that is caused by high phosphorous in the diet and is commonly cause by high grain diets. |
|
Definition
| Urolithiasis (water belly). |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat water belly or urolithiasis? |
|
Definition
| feed ammonium chloridde, free choice salt and lots of clean water |
|
|
Term
| _______________ is a virus that is transmitted by Culicoides, semen and transplacentally. It is a disease of mid summer and has a high incidence in the SW US and causes fever, ulcers and lameness in small ruminants. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This virus will produce high fevers in small ruminants, lameness and swellings of the tongue and swelling under the jaw. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sheep has a high fever, mucous membranes that are hyperemic and cynotic and has edema of the brisket, lips and tongue. What is the cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sheep has erosions on the mouth, tongue, lips and dental pads. It is also lame and has a very large tongue. What is the cause of the problems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other 2 viruses look clinically similar to Bluetongue virus? |
|
Definition
Foot and mouth disease
Border disease virus |
|
|
Term
| Why don't you want to vaccinate long wool sheep against Bluetongue virus? |
|
Definition
| can cause wool break.....so vaccinate after shearing.... |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Vaccination against Bluetongue virus should be done in pregnant ewes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ is an acute, non-contagious disease of sheep and many other animals. The organism is common on plants and silage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What natural bioproduct contains high amounts of Listeria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________________ is one of the "Big Five " causes of sheep abortions and causes late term abortions and also "circling" disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A ewe has unilateral facial paralysis, is depressed and has been walking in circles for the last couple days. She also has stumbled into the barn a couple of times recently. What is the cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 5 week old lamb has a fever, is depressed and has diarrhea. The lamb has been circling for 1 day and is now head pressing. What is the cause of the problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Listeriosis in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Penicillin and Tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Listeriosis in sheep and goats? |
|
Definition
| Prevent overcrowding, increase sanititation, don't feed silage to sheep if pH is >5, moldy or is of poor quality |
|
|
Term
| _______________ is a disease where most outbreaks occur in conjugation with enterotoxemia in lambs, where animals will present comatose and exhibit paddling, walking in circles or a head press. |
|
Definition
| Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia |
|
|
Term
| What is the commonly thought cause of Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia in sheep? |
|
Definition
| Clostridium perfringens type D |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions that are caused by Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia? |
|
Definition
| Polioenchepalomalacia with necrosis of the cerebral cortex and thalami |
|
|
Term
| T/F. The lesions that are caused by Focal Symmetrical Encephalomalacia are only seen in the brain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _________________- is associated with shearing wounds and may be associated with the use of elastator bands to castrate or dock tails. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______________ causes spastic paralysis with muscular rigidity brought on by sound or touch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A young sheep presents with ears erect, stiff tail and a prolapsed 3rd eyelid. The sheep was sheared last week. What is the cause of the clinical signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. It is difficult to establish a lab diagnosis of tetanus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat Tetanus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent tetanus is sheep and goats? |
|
Definition
| Vaccinate, improve management. |
|
|
Term
| What is the major concern with docking show lamb tails? |
|
Definition
| Can cause rectal prolapse from nerve damage. |
|
|
Term
| _____________ is one of the most severe infectious disease of sheep and once established in a herd it will usually remain. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important cause of contagious foot rot in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___________ can cause lameness in sheep and the hoof can separate from the underlying tissues. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Vaccination will prevent Contagious foot rot in sheep. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Contagious foot rot in a herd? |
|
Definition
Buy only uninfected sheep.
Use only clean facilities.
use foot bathes. |
|
|
Term
| _____________________ is found worldwide in sheep populations and causes lesions on the udders of ewes and lesions on the lips of lambs and the scabs are very contagious. |
|
Definition
| Contagious Pustular Dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| __________________ is a zoonotic disease that causes scabs that are very persistent in the environment and cause lesions on the udders, lips and sometimes coronary bands of sheep. |
|
Definition
| Contagious Pustular Dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| A sheep presents with severe emaciation, soars on the lips and some around the coronary band. You check this flock 2 days ago and all were fine. What is the cause of the lesions on the 1 lamb? |
|
Definition
| Contagious Pustular Dermatitis |
|
|
Term
| What would you tell a producer that has had problems with Contagious Pustular Dermatitis in the past and now would like to vaccinate his herd with a MLV vaccine? |
|
Definition
| Be very careful- MLV vaccines are capable of infecting humans....causes very bad lesions |
|
|
Term
| _______________ is seen almost entirely in feedlot lambs that are fed high grain diets and are found acutely dead. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the causative agent of Enterotoxemia? |
|
Definition
| Clostridium perfringens type D |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions that Enterotoxemia cause in feedlot lambs? |
|
Definition
| Edema and hemorrhage in the vasculature of the brain |
|
|
Term
| A producer's best feeder lamb has been acting strange this morning. It is stargazing and stumbling. What is the cause? |
|
Definition
| Enterotoxemia: Clostridium perfringens type D |
|
|
Term
| What is the best treatment for Enterotoxemia in a clinical lamb? |
|
Definition
| They usually die before treatment is successful |
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to prevent Enterotoxemia? |
|
Definition
| Vaccination with Clostridium perfringens type D toxoid 2 doses. |
|
|
Term
| Johnne's disease is cause by what organism? |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| A 4 year old ewe presents with for decreased condition. The ewe is BAR and eating well. She does have a slight diarrhea. What is a possible cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Just as in cattle, sheep will have GI thickening due to Johnne's disease. |
|
Definition
| False: have the diffuse or multifocal form with Macrophages packed with organisms. |
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Term
| What is the best testing to confirm a suspicion of Johnne's disease in a sheep? |
|
Definition
DTH skin test?
Serology :AGID
Culture
PCR: only detect 50% of positives |
|
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Term
| What is the best way to control Johnne's disease in a sheep herd? |
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Definition
Culling and segregation of replacement ewes
Killed cattle vaccines: not really recommended |
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Term
| This is an uncommon cause of disease in baby lambs but can cause loss of GI epithelium and hemorrhage. |
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Definition
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Term
| This organism exists in the intestinal tract of sheep and can sometimes cause Hemorrhagic enteritis in very young sheep. |
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Definition
| Clostridium perfringens type C |
|
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Term
| Why does Clostridium perfringens type C cause hemorrhagic enteritis? |
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Definition
| Organisms make and release the B-toxin --> causes GI epithelium necrosis |
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Term
| This disease should be vaccinated against on every sheep farm and ewes should have booster before the lambs are born. |
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Definition
| Clostridium perfringens type C (Hemorrhaig enteritis). |
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Term
| ______________ is a disease that is widespread in sheep and goats and transmitted through traumatic wounds and inhalation and invasion through the damaged buccal mucosa and infects the lung and draining lymph nodes. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What causes Pseudotuberculosis in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
|
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Term
| At shearing a sheep has big draining lumps around the neck and is underweight and can't breath real well. What is the cause? |
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Definition
| Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: |
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Term
| What is the lesions that are caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis? |
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Definition
| Abscesses in the lymphnodes, lungs, liver and skin of the neck. |
|
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Term
| What histopath lesion is caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis? |
|
Definition
| Concentric rings of necrotic debris. |
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Term
| ___________ is generally only sporadically seen and causes fever, depression, pale MM, anemia and icterus in lambs. There is dramatic intravascular hemolysis. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of Yellow Lamb Disease? |
|
Definition
| Clostridium perfringens type A |
|
|
Term
| Once a lamb starts showing clinical signs of Yellow lamb disease, how long to death? |
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Definition
| 6-12 hours....some will have subclinical dz...but rare |
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Term
| How does Clostridium perfringens type A cause disease in young lambs? |
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Definition
| Orgs multiply in SI similar to type D enterotoxemiaalpha toxin absorbed into bloodtoxin is a lecithinase and destroys red cell membranesmassive hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Yellow lamb disease in sheep? |
|
Definition
| Vaccinate sheep in endemic areas with toxoid prior to being placed on feed |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Because of the severe nature and poor prognosis of Yellow Lamb Disease, treatment is usually not attempted. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major parasite of concern in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
| Haemonchus contortus—barber pole worm |
|
|
Term
| T/F. Although Haemonchus contortus—barber pole worm is a big pest in SM, it usually doesn't cause death. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| When is Haemonchus contortus—barber pole worm the greatest concern to producers? |
|
Definition
| 2 weeks following rain in the summer (green pastures). |
|
|
Term
| List some parasites of concern to small ruminants. |
|
Definition
| Haemonchus,Ostertagia, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus |
|
|
Term
| A sheep has severe anemia, bottle jaw, is off feed and scouring. It rained about 2 weeks ago and the pastures are nice and green and the producer can't understand why the sheep is so skinny. What do you tell him? |
|
Definition
| Haemonchus contortus—barber pole worm |
|
|
Term
| T/F. For Haemonchus contortus—barber pole worm, fecal egg counts are not necessarily related to the severity of infestation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the gold standard for diagnosing Haemonchus contortus infection in a SM? |
|
Definition
| Quantitative fecal egg counts |
|
|
Term
| What is important to understand about the life cycle of Haemonchus contortus in respect to overwintering sheep? |
|
Definition
| Consider: L3 can overwinter and do well under snow; cannot eat, so only have limited food stores before they die; hypobiosis is important |
|
|
Term
| How can we control Haemonchus contortus when resistance is so high? |
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Definition
| Use the FAMACHA system: treat only the most severely effected sheep, Dry lot and pasture mamagement. |
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Term
| _________ is a disease that is more severe in goats than sheep and usually effects lambs about 3 weeks old and will cause sudden death, weak lambs and kids, scours, black feces and anorexia. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Usually the younger the animal that get Coccidiosis, the more severe the disease. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hoe do you prevent infections of Coccidiosis? |
|
Definition
Good management
Keep lambs and kids in dry area
Prevent overcrowding.
Lasolocid in sheep.
Amprolium or TMS |
|
|
Term
| __________________ is caused by C. Novyi type B and Fasciola hepatica and is commonly associated with wet, swampy pastures. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| ____________________ causes infectious necrotic hepatitis in sheep and goats. |
|
Definition
Black disease: C. Novyi type B
Fasciola hepatica: liver fluke |
|
|
Term
| What other organism is essential for C. Novyi type B and Fasciola hepatica the liver fluke to produce disease in SR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Black disease? |
|
Definition
| Vaccinate prior to putting on pasture |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat black Disease in SR? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _____________ is also known as watery mouth or rattle belly and is caused by E.coli K99/F5. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A sheep presents with profuse, watery or yellowish diarrhea. The diarrhea is severe and 12 hours after presentation even with your best efforts, the lamb dies. What is a possible cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What chemical abornormality is often seen with Colibacillosis? |
|
Definition
| Acid-base imbalance--->drool excessively--> watery mouth |
|
|
Term
| How do you prevent Colibacillosis? |
|
Definition
Sanitation.
Vaccination with K99: prepartum ewes
Fluid therapy
Shearing of ewes before parturition |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 most common causes of Club Lamb fungus? |
|
Definition
| Trichophyton verrucosum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes |
|
|
Term
| ______________ is carried by sheep and contracted at livestock shows and causes thick, scaly and round appearing pustules on the skin, usually around the head and neck. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F. Club Lamb Fungus will spontaneously resolve in about 8-16 weeks. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is Club Lamb Fungus zoonotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Club Lamb Fungus? |
|
Definition
| Fulvicin, captan, Thiobendazole, Tinactin....but many of the treatments are not approved for in SR. |
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|
Term
| _________________ causes sporadic infections associated with moisture and minor trauma and can effect back, legs and ears and cause lameness and debilitation. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for Dermatophilosus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This disease is similar to Rinder pest and causes disease in all small ruminants and deer. |
|
Definition
| Peste de Petites Ruminants |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs that are seen with Peste de Petites Ruminants? |
|
Definition
| High fever, mucopurulent ocular and nasal discharge, extensive oral erosions on oral and pharyngeal mucosa accompanied by fetid breath, enteric lesions (zebra stripes of large intestine), and profuse diarrhea |
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|
Term
| T/F. Peste de Petites Ruminants causes high mortality and cattle are susceptible. |
|
Definition
| True: cattle usually get mild disease. |
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|
Term
| What is latest disease to be eradicated? |
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Definition
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