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| effort to increase production using machines powered by sources other than humans or animals |
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| economic system that is based on private ownership of business and making profit |
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| doctrine stating that government should not interfere in private business |
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| Business that has privileges that are separate from its owners |
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| complete control of a product or service |
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| vertical integration (consolidation) |
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| process of gaining control of the many different businesses that make up all phases of a product's development |
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| horizontal integration (consolidation) |
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| the process of bringing together many firms in the same business to form one large company |
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| negative nickname for big business leaders at the end of the 19th century |
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| person who goes into business for themselves |
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| from Darwin's theory of natural selection, the belief that society should do as little as possible to interfere with people's pursuit of success |
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| term coined by Mark Twain to describe the corruption of the post-Reconstruction era |
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| Interstate Commerce Commission |
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| governmental body that regulates railroad and other interstate businesses |
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| law passed by Congress in 1890 that outlawed any combination of companies that restrained interstate trade or commerce |
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| production of goods in large quantities |
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| manufacturing process in which each worker does one specialized task in the construction of the final product |
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| process in which workers negotiate as a group with employers |
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| a work stoppage intended to force an employer to meet certain demands, as in the demand for higher wages |
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| refusal to buy a certain product or to use a service |
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| workplace open only to union members |
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| workplace that hires both union and non-union members |
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| a contract between a worker and an employer in which, as a condition of employment, the worker agrees not to remain in or join a union. |
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| court order prohibiting a certain activity |
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| the temporary closing of a business or the refusal by an employer to allow employees to come to work until they accept the employer's terms. |
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| negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers |
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| list that circulated among employers, beginning in 1947, containing the names of persons who should not be hired |
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| factory where employees work long hours at low wages and under poor working conditions |
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| a labor union formed in 1869 by Uriah Stephens to represent unskilled workers |
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| American Federation of Labor |
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| a federation of trade unions organized in 1886 by Samuel Gompers that represented skilled workers |
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| Industrial Workers of the World (Wobblies) |
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| an international industrial labor union founded by Big Bill Haywood, considered radical by many, that was organized in Chicago in 1905 and that disbanded after 1920 |
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| immigrants who came to the United States between 1820 and 1860, primarily from Northern and Western Europe |
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| immigrants who came to the United States betweeen 1860 and 1890 primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe |
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| process by which people of one culture merge into and become part of another culture |
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| the idea that all of the different cultures in the United States blend together to create something uniquely American |
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| the idea that the different cultures in the United States don't blend together, but remain separate and distinct |
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| a condition in which minority groups participate fully in the dominant society, yet maintain their cultural differences |
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| a policy of favoring native born Americans over immigrants |
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| law passed in 1882 that prohibited Chinese laborers from entering the country, but did not prevent entry of those who had previously established U.S. residence |
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| established in 1867 and also known as the Patrons of Husbandry, this organization helped farmers form cooperatives and pressured state legislators to regulate businesses on which farmers depended |
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| formed in 1891 to advocate for a larger money supply and other economic reforms |
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| the period from about 1890 to 1920, during which a variety of reforms were enacted at the local, state and federal levels |
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| journalist who uncovers wrongdoing in politics and society |
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| a low cost apartment building that often has poor standards of sanitation, safety and comfort and is designed to house as many families as possible |
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| a process in which citizens can put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting voters' signatures on a petition |
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| process that allows citizens to approve or reject a law passed by their legislature |
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| procedure that permits voters to remove public officials form office before the next election |
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| a preliminary election in which voters of each party nominate candidates for office |
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| The Jungle by Upton Sinclair |
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| book about the horrors of the meatpacking industry, helped to get the Pure Food and Drug Act and the Meat Inspection Act passed |
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| How the Other Half Lives by Jacob Riis |
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| book about tenement life in New York City |
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| The Shame of the Cities by Lincoln Steffens |
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| book that exposed the corruption in the cities at the turn of the century |
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| A History of the Standard Oil Company by Ida Tarbell |
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| book that exposed the corruption in the oil industry |
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| Teddy Roosevelt's reform program that included trust-busting and environmental conservation |
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| law that required the federal inspection of meat processing plants |
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| law that requires ingredient labels to be placed on food and drugs |
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| Teddy Roosevelt's term for the breaking up of businesses that are considered to be bad combinations |
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| protecting the environment |
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| Woodrow Wilson's plan to continue progressive reforms during his administration |
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| income tax that increases depending on how much income a person has |
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| law passed in 1914 to strengthen the Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890, specified big businesses activities that were forbidden |
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| nation's central banking system, established in 1913 |
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| community centers organized to provide various services to the urban poor |
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| settlement house founded by Jane Addams in Chicago |
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| provides for a federal income tax, ratified in 1913 |
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| provides for the direct election of U.S. senators, ratified in 1913 |
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| made the production, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages illegal, ratified in 1919 |
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| gave women suffrage, ratified in 1920 |
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| bars that operated illegally during the time of prohibition |
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| supplying illegal alcohol during prohibition |
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| ended prohibition, ratified in 1933 |
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