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Greek god of healing
Temple dedicated to him, used mix of natural and supernatural remedies
Influential throughout history, his daughters provide words for hygiene and paracetamol |
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Greek physician who stressed observation
Developed theories of four humors and links with the seasons
Created the hippocratic oath and collection |
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| Developed Hippocrates' ideas and theories further |
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Very influential surgeon and physician
Developed many previous theories further
Dissected monkeys and pigs, proved the brains importance
Anatomical books and works still accepted for hundreds of years, catholic church supported him |
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Wrote many books and translated works of Hippocrates and Galen
First to observe differences between measles and smallpox
Works became standard Islamic medical texts |
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Wrote the 'canon of medicine' which outlines the causes of both disease and good health
Influenced by Hippocrates and Galen's observational techniques and works
Recognises that soil and water causes disease |
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Published a number of books that accurately detailed the human anatomy
Proves Galen wrong about many parts of anatomy, but isn't accepted due to the Catholic church's beliefs about Galen being a 'man of God' |
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Recognises some main problems with infection
Used ligatures to tie off arteries to stop bleeding
Ran out of oil so experimented with the use of a lotion which worked better |
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Proved that the heart pumped blood round the body and showed difference between veins and arteries
Recognised through observation that there was too much blood to be constantly made
Ibn Al-Nafis discovered much of this before Harvey |
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Followed the risky works of Lady Montagu's inoculations
Observed milk maid's resistance to smallpox so uses cowpox to strengthen a childs resistand to smallpox
Develops this into a vaccination
People refused his ideas at first due to being too 'far fetched' |
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Developed the ideas of germ theory and discovers that microbes cause decay
boils liquid to kill microbes - pasteurisation
Studies anthrax and chicken cholera, accidentally exposes a chicken to a weakened version of cholera, proves vaccination
Cured rabies |
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Developed microscopes and learns to stain microbes to make them visible
Discovers how wounds get infected, recognises different germs and works to cure tuberculosis |
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Helped treat soldiers in the Crimean war
Nightingale brought discipline and cleanliness to the wards
Seacole encountered problems due to racism so had to fund her own trips |
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Looking for an alternative anaesthetic to laughing gas due to it being dangerous
Discovered chloroform which is safe in small quantities (luck involved with amount inhaled upon discovery)
Wasn't fully recognised until its use by Queen Victoria |
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Looked at works by Pasteur and develops idea of killing bacteria before it infects a wound
Uses carbolic acid which was being used to fight smells in sewers
Sprays this on wounds to make and antiseptic
Disliked by doctors and nurses due to it colouring and cracking the skin |
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| Blackwell and Garret-Anderson |
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First women to recieve degrees and medical training in the US and in Britain
Eventually sets up the London School of Medicine for women |
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Published a report on the sanitary conditions of the public, stating that good public health would save money as opposed to wasting it
Privileged upper classes were shocked and pushed for a Public Health Act due to a cholera outbreak
This challenged the Lassez-Faire attitude
This Act wasn't compulsory however, and many governing boards simply ignored it |
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Discovered the link between contaminated water and cholera
studied and observed an outbreak in London and removed what appeared to be the source, a water pump
Later proved right by Pasteur
Led to the Dwelling Act in 1875, forced councils to act on public health
Still no guidelines for housing and overcrowding |
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Concerned about the slum living conditions so developed a model housing system
Very harsh and strict landlady, often throw out uncooperative tenants
Also concerned about the availability of open spaces, eventually co-founded the national trust |
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Influenced by Koch's use of dyes and develops idea of one capable of killing specific microbes
606th dye tested works to kill syphilis in rabbits
This is developed and called a 'magic bullet', salvarsan 606 |
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Observed how lead bullets cause infection
Went into research and accidentally left some dishes to cultivate and noticed the mould's bacterial fighting qualities
This was used to make penicillin
Government wouldn't support due to being a time of war, so Fleming published his findings in a book |
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Read Fleming's article and created some purified penicillin
Appealed to the US government who fund the project and invest into numerous big tanks to mass produce penicillin |
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Studying cathode rays and using barium platinocyanide
Experimented with different plates to create x-rays and investigate how they could be used
This became vita in war to find embedded bullets |
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World War surgeons who influenced surgery and anatomy greatly
Halsted emphasised strict aseptic technique and put anaesthetics to great use
McIndoe developed many plastic surgery techniques used in WWII and developed the most successful skin grafts |
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Discovered the structure of DNA
Understanding DNA was a major breakthrough that is the potential key to life and could cure many still incurable diseases |
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Wrote and published the Beveridge report in 1942 which highlighted numerous problems with public health
He came up with the NHS
However WWI was in progress and the government didn't have the time or resources to take action |
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Spearheaded the establishment of the NHS
Convinced much of the opposition of its causes and convinced the new labor government at the time to introduce the NHS
All services were free, including prescriptions, also provided a better distribution of doctors |
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Both surveyed living conditions in London's East End and in York, publishing their findings
Showed a clear link between poverty and ill health
Heavily influence the policies of Lloyd George |
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Liberal chancellor that guided the newly-elected liberal government to take action and introduce many liberal reforms
Free school meals, school medical inspections
Old age pension act and labour exchanges
National insurance act |
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