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| prominent global religion emphasizing the concept of God's oneness or monotheistic |
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| Islam: The Five Pillars of Islam |
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Definition
| Salah, Sawm, Hajj, Zakat, and Shahada |
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| Abrahamic monotheistic faith |
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| was the founder of Islam and a prominent figure in Arab politics, society, and religion. |
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| is the second-largest branch of Islam, making up between 10% and 15% of the total. |
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| The greater of the two major schools of Islam, it is distinct from Shia in how it interprets the Sunna, views religious authority, and acknowledges the legitimacy of the first three caliphs. |
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| God's Word was brought to humanity through His appointed representatives or messenger prophets. |
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| was the period of European history that began with the fall of Roman culture in the fifth century CE and ended with the Renaissance |
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| The Middle Ages: Reason for the Dark Ages |
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| a supposedly declining time in science and culture. |
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| The Middle Ages: Silk Road |
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Definition
| China's Han dynasty launched and expanded the Silk Road by exploration and conquest in Central Asia. |
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| The Middle Ages: Roman Catholic Church |
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| has a large amount of political power. |
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| The Middle Ages: Byzantine Empire |
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| Middle Ages preservation of Greek and Roman civilization |
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| The Middle Ages: Justinian I |
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| Compilation of legislation and legal interpretations created between 529 and 565 CE under the patronage of Justinian I, the Byzantine emperor |
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| The Middle Ages: Autocrat |
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Definition
| A prevalent misconception of the Middle Ages is that rulers possessed absolute authority, and their citizens were subjected to subjugation, fear, and complete lack of legal safeguards. |
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| The Middle Ages: Justinian’s Code |
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Definition
| contributed to the 529 Roman law reform |
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| The Middle Ages: The Black Death |
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Definition
| killed around 25 million people in Europe during the 14th century. |
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| The Middle Ages: The Great Schism |
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Definition
| divided the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholics, the two great branches of Christianity. |
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| The Middle Ages: Charlemagne |
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Definition
| both the 768 Frankish kings and the 774 Italian kings, |
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| The Middle Ages: Feudalism (structure) |
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Definition
| was a well-established European system in 12th-century England, where the monarch owned the land, and vassals, knights, and nobles possessed it from the king at the top. |
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| The Middle Ages: Chivalry |
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Definition
| was a code of honor that rewarded courage, loyalty, and altruism among knights engaged in combat in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. |
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| The first pope of the Middle Ages and the second to be called "great," Pope Gregory I (590–604), encountered several difficulties throughout his pontificate, including disease. |
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| The Middle Ages: Excommunication |
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Definition
| exclusion from the Eucharist and, in the worst case scenario, communion with the faithful are two examples of sacramental exclusion. |
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| The Middle Ages: Crusades |
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Definition
| were a series of military campaigns from Christian Europe against the Near Eastern peoples. |
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| member of a Central Asian ethnic group consisting of closely related tribal peoples with a similar language and nomadic lifestyle, living mostly on the Mongolian Plateau. |
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| (c. 1162–1227) are inevitably linked to horrific legends of conquest, devastation, and slaughter. |
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| the first dynasty in Chinese history to seize control of the entire country under foreign rule. |
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| Genghis Khan's grandson Kublai Khan established the Yuan Dynasty in China during the 13th century and went on to overthrow the Song Dynasty in 1279 to become the first Mongol emperor. |
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| Venetian explorer and trader who journeyed from Europe to Asia between 1271 and 1295 |
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| a significant doctrinal movement in Western Christianity that challenged the papacy and the Catholic Church's power on both a religious and political level in 16th-century Europe. |
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| a financial punishment that, after death, was said to have cleared one's record of previous transgressions and/or liberated one from purgatory. |
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| Reformation: Ninety-Five Thesis |
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Definition
| We looked closely at Luther's beliefs on the Bible's teachings and the Catholic Church's customs. |
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| Reformation: Printing Press |
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Definition
| giving the "new teachings" a broad audience to distribute and promote independent opinion on |
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| a significant Protestant subset |
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| According to his theory of predestination, God chooses who will be saved eternally and who will be condemned. Christians are urged to put their faith in God's goodness for their own lives and fate. |
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| Reformation: Predestination |
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Definition
| the everlasting will of God, by deciding for himself what he wanted to happen to every individual. |
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| Reformation: Church of England |
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| Reformation: Protestantism |
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| exploration, science, technology, writing, music, art, architecture, sculpture, and philosophy. |
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| Italian Renaissance: Meaning of Renaissance |
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Definition
| one of cultural renaissance and rekindled curiosity with ancient antiquity following the ages known as the "Dark Ages," as defined by Renaissance humanists. |
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| Italian Renaissance: Causes of Renaissance |
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Definition
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| Italian Renaissance: Class & Family Structure |
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Definition
| merchants, artisans, laborers in commerce, and low-skilled laborers. |
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| Italian Renaissance: Medici Family |
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Definition
| a political and financial dynasty from Italy |
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| Italian Renaissance: Patron |
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Definition
| the individual or group of individuals purchasing the picture |
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| Italian Renaissance: Humanism |
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Definition
| The intellectual movement revived interest in classical studies and human nature studies as opposed to religious studies. |
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| Italian Renaissance: Machiavelli |
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Definition
| philosopher of politics, statesman, and Florentine Republic secretary. |
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| Italian Renaissance: Johannes Gutenberg |
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Definition
| created and constructed the first printing press with machinery. |
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| Italian Renaissance: Printing press |
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Definition
| In the Subiaco Benedictine monastery in 1465 CE, these couple set up their printing machine. It was Italy's first press of its kind. |
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| started in earnest with Christopher Columbus's first expedition in 1492 and concluded |
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| Exploration: Advancements in European countries |
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Definition
| The compass and ship design |
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| Exploration: Prince Henry |
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Definition
| Portugal conquered several islands in West Africa, including Madeira, the uninhabited Azores, and the populated Canary Islands. |
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| a Portuguese explorer who is recognized for organizing the world's first circumnavigation mission. |
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| Exploration: Vasco de Gama |
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Definition
| build a Portuguese foothold in East Africa and India and discover a maritime passage from Portugal to India. |
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| Exploration: Sir Francis Drake |
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Definition
| traveling across the globe between 1577 and 1580 |
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| Exploration: Hernan Cortes |
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Definition
| taking control of the Aztecs and claiming Mexico for Spain |
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Definition
| was a firm committed to producing exotic goods for a far-off market, sugar being the most notable example. |
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| Exploration: creoles/mestizos |
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Definition
| Spanish and Indian mixed race |
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Term
| Exploration: Columbian exchange |
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Definition
| The method used to transport goods, people, and illnesses across the Atlantic |
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| Exploration: Triangular trade |
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Definition
| a 16th-century transatlantic trading network connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas. |
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| Exploration: Middle passage |
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Definition
| transported slaves to the West Indies from West Africa |
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Term
| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder Empires |
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Definition
| the three great Muslim empires that ruled throughout Eurasia in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. |
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Ottomans |
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Definition
| significant Gunpowder Empire |
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Sultan |
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Definition
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Hagia Sophia |
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Definition
| a significant Byzantine building in Istanbul and one of the most famous monuments worldwide. |
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Janissaries |
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Definition
| member of the Ottoman Empire's elite corps in the standing army from the late 14th century until 1826 |
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Safavid Empire |
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Definition
| oversaw Persia in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. |
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Mughals |
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Definition
| Islam's third great gunpowder kingdom. |
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Babur |
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Definition
| creator of the Indian subcontinent's Mughal Empire |
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Akbar |
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Definition
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Shah Jahan |
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Definition
| Some have referred to the reigns of Aurangzeb, Shah Jahan, and Akbar the Great as a significant apex in Indian history. |
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| Asian Civilization/Gunpowder: Taj Mahal |
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Definition
| constructed as the wife of a Mughal Emperor's mausoleum |
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