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Definition
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Definition
| self antigens (if have response to autoantigens = inappropriate response=autoimmune dz |
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Definition
tissue/cells from a different sp.
e.g. pig heart transplant to human |
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Definition
cells/tissue from another individual of the same sp. that isnt genetically similar
eg bone marrow donor, skin graft |
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Term
| Properties of an effective antigen |
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Definition
1. foreign
2. >10kD molecular mass
3. insoluble/particulate
4. tertiary/compelx structure
5. charged residue (+/-)
6. chemically complex
7. biologically active (eg infectious agent that can divide, replicate, produce toxins, destroy tissue) |
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Term
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Definition
| <10kD =cant trigger immune response, but when conjugated with a large molecule (carrier protein = >10kD =new epitope =can activate an Ab response = an antigen. |
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Term
| three possible parts of conjugated hapten immune system can respond to: |
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Definition
1. Hapten (common)
2. hapten and protein
3. protein (niave epitope) |
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Term
| differences between antigen and immunogen... |
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Definition
| ...antigen = usually natural exposure whereas immunogen = tends to be purposefully injected i.e. for vacc. |
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Term
| factors determining immunogenicity/ strength of immune response: |
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Definition
1. method of immunogen preperation
2. sp's (some breeds respond to vacc better than others)
3. dose (increasse dose = increase strength)
4. route of admin |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that when combined to an antigen/immunogen increases immunogenicity/strength of immune response. |
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Term
| some adjuvants allow a 'depot effect', what is this? |
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Definition
| they allow slow release of the antigen/immunogen = ongoing stim and ongoing immune response |
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Definition
water in oil emulsion
Stim immune system and slowly releases immunogen/antigen |
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Term
| complete freunds adjuvant |
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Definition
| mix adjuvant with killed mycobacterium tuberculosis=even bigger better immune response |
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| almost all killed vacc have what adjuvant? |
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Definition
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| example of a molecular adjuavnt = |
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Definition
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Term
| types of Ig light chains+ |
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Definition
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Term
| how many natural combinations of heavy and light chains are there? |
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Definition
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IgG:
a)heavy chain =
b)valence =
c) actions = |
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Definition
a) gamma
b) 2
c) fixes complement, opsonin, binds to and neutralises toxins |
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Term
| main Ig in secondary immune response = |
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Definition
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Definition
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IgD:
a)valence=
b)heavy chain=
c) where is it found?
d) function?
e) how many CH? |
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Definition
a) 2
b) delta
c)only on surface of immature B cells
d) unknown
e) 3 |
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Term
| IgA: a) valence= b) IgA in animal blood and mucosal secretions= c) IgA in human blood = d) if IgA is secreted what else does it have? e) function? |
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Definition
| a) 4 if dimer with J chain, 2 if no J chain b)dimer with J chain c) no J chain d)a secretory component which prevents IgA dimer from being chopped up by enzymes secreted in mucosa e)mucosal immune defence, bind to and inhibit microbial attachment and colonistaion, neutralise toxins, weak opsonin |
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Term
IgM:
a)valence =
b)has a ? chain
c)no distinct hinge so moves around...
d)how many CH?
e) location?
f) important in... |
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Definition
a)10
B) ?=J
c) CH2 to CH3
d) 4
e) intravascular
f) bacteraemia |
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Term
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Definition
1. agglutinates Ag's
2. fixes complement |
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Term
| main Ig in early immune response = |
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Definition
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Term
IgE:
a) valence =
b) how many CH?
c)more common in humans or animals?
d)involved in...
e) found on... |
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Definition
a)2
b)4
c) animals
d) parasite rejection and allergies
e) mast cells and blood basophils |
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Term
| certain reaction of IgE on mast cell can cause... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
strength of binding between Ags epitope and Ig hand
(perfect fit = high affinty - strong interaction - strong reatcion) |
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Term
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Definition
| The more Ig hands the Ig has to bind with Ag epitope, the stronger the reaction increase binding strength with multivalent binding = bonus effect |
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Term
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Definition
| movement towards infection |
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Term
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Definition
| allergic reaction (extreme/life-threatening) |
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Term
| classical pathway of complement cascade a) complement order: b) activated by... c)complement binding domain= |
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Definition
| a) C1 -> C4 -> C2 -> C3 b) binding of Ag and Ig c) C1 binding to CH2 domain of heavy chain when Ig is bound to Ag |
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Term
| complements C4a, C2a and C3a carry out/cause... |
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Definition
| ...chemotaxis and anaphylaxia |
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Term
Lectin pathway of complement cascade
a) what takes C1s job in cleaving C4 and C2?
b) unlike classical pathway, the lectin pathway doesnt need... |
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Definition
a)mannan binding lectin
b)C1 or Ig |
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Term
| name 2 cells that produce C3. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 phases of alternative pathway in complement cascade: |
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Definition
1. continually active/tick over phase/fluid phase
2. fully active phase in presence of a trigger factor (eg Ag surface). |
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Term
| order of altenative pathway complementsand factors: |
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Definition
C3 - B - (D) - P(properdin) - C3
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Term
terminal pathway of complement cascade:
a)complement order =
b) produces... |
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Definition
a) C5 - C6 - C7 - C8 - C9
b) MAC (mb attack complex) |
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Term
| control of complememnt cascade by ? that breaks up MAC. |
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Definition
| ? = MAC inhibitor or CD59 |
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Definition
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| order of C1 subunit activation: |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
breaks C4b into inactive forms - C4c and Cd
breaks C3b into inactive forms - C3c and C3d |
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Term
| normal cells are protected against MAC/complement cascade via what protective molecules? |
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Definition
DAF, CRI, MCP
they disrupt C3 convertase |
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Term
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Definition
C4b + C2b
C3 convertase activates C3 causing it to break into C3b and C3a |
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Term
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Definition
C4b + C2b + C3b in classicial pathway
C3b, Bb, P (properdin) and another C3b in alternative pathway |
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Term
| activate C3a and C5a R on smooth mm in airway = |
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Definition
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Term
| activate C3a, C5a and C2a R on mast cell = |
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Definition
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Term
| C3a, C5a and C2a (bioactive substances) cause... |
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Definition
-local oedema (dilutes toxins)
-endothelial cell movement = increase perm of bvs
-WBC extravasation/diapedesis
-chemotaxis
-inflam response |
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Term
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Definition
| series of plasma proteins which when activated interact sequentially, froming a self assembling enzymatic cascade |
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Definition
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Term
| end effects of complement cascade = |
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Definition
| 1. cell lysis 2. inflam 3. opsonisation 4. interactions with other pathways |
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Term
| RBC's have a C3bR and therefore... |
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Definition
| ...can bind to pathogens and take them to the spleen where blood is cleaned and pathogen will be phagocytosed by macro. =Immune adherence (same effect as opsonistaion just diff. process) |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of Ag-Ab binding/reactions in vitro |
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Term
| what does serum AB show you? |
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Definition
1. evidence of exposure
2. shows whow severe infection is (more Ab = more severe)
3. show you if animal is recovering from infection or developing from infection by fall or rise in AB titre |
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Term
| always more AB after infection than began with due to... |
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Definition
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Definition
| measure of quantity of Ab present in serum sample |
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Definition
=reciprocal of highest serum dilation with a + reaction
(reciprocal of 1/10 = 10) |
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Term
| the higheer the Ab titre, the... |
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Definition
| ...more severe the infection |
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Term
| 4 types of serological tests: |
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Definition
1. agglutination
2. indirect immunofluorescence
3. ELISA test
4. Western blotting |
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Term
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Definition
| inject rabbit with dog serum = rabbit produces antibodies against dog Ig, then bleed rabbit = antiserum (rabbit serum with anti-dogIg antibodies) |
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Term
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Definition
the probability that the test will correctly identify animal as +
(correct + result) |
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Term
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Definition
| the probabiltiy the test will correctly identify -results |
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Term
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Definition
| the probabiltiy that an animal with a +ive test actually has dz |
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Term
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Definition
| the probability that an animal tested -ive is actually free from dz |
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Term
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Definition
| ...Ab (more common) or Ag |
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Term
| ELISA test basic runthrough |
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Definition
| 1. Ag of interest coated to bottom of well 2. + serum from dog want to test for exposure/infection of the Ag of interest 3. +antiserum (anti dogIg antibody conjugated with an enzyme)-and antiserum will bind to dog Ig 4.wash unbound antiserum out 5. + enzyme substrate = colour change if dog has been exposed to the Ag of interest (and has Ab's against this Ag) Also do a -ive control well = serum of a dog known not to have Ab to Ag of interest. |
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Term
| complememt fixation test used to... |
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Definition
| ...see which animal has serum Ab = evidence of exposure to infection |
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Term
| complement fixation test: |
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Definition
| 1. serum of exposed or non exposed dog 2. + Ag, and if been exposed will have Ab's which will bind to Ag 3. + complement (from another sp eg rabbit or Gpig). In exposed dog complement binds to Ig 4. + indicator system = sheep RBC's (SRBC's)coated in anti-SRBC antibosied 5. in exposed dog = no free complement = no RBC lysis=clear tube = + In unexposed dog = free complement = MAC cell lysis of RBC = red tube = -ive (work to Standard operating procedure so use right amount of complement so all bound to Ig and non spare complement) |
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Term
| primary tissues of the immune system: |
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Definition
1. bone marrow
2. thymus
3. bursa of fabricus (birds)
4. ilial peyers patch |
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Term
| secondary tissue of immune system |
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Definition
encapsulated:
-spleen
-LN's
unencapsulated:
- mucosal lymphoid aggregates (resp. system, GIT, mammary glands, urogential tract, conjunctiva) |
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Term
| primary lymphoid tissue = where... |
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Definition
| ...development of immune cells occurs. |
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Term
| bone marrow = origin of... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ...bone marrow and ilieal peyers patches or bursa of fabricus if your a bird |
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Term
| Bcell differentiation into plasma cells occurs in... |
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Definition
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Term
| as get older size of ileal peyers patches... |
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Definition
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Term
| birds equivalent of bone marrow = |
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Definition
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Term
| when is the thymus biggest and most active? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| ...thymus (extramedullary) |
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Term
| CMIR involves what cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| humoral immune response involves what cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| when fully matured, T and B cells populate... |
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Definition
| ...the blood, spleen and LN's |
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