Non Specific Defenses include 

(physical barriers/ innate)

Integument 

Desquamation

Desiccation 

Low pH 

Resident Bacteria Flora

Saliva

Low pH

Normal Bacterial Flora

Lysozymes

* esp Ruminents

Flow

Low pH (most animals) 

Gylcogen build up under influence of estrogen 

Energy turns into lactic acid inhibits bacterial growth 

Keratin plug 

milk flow 

lactenins (protein in milk) 

nasal turbinates 

trachea 

bronciole ridge

Particle size 

IgA

IgM

IgE

IgG

IgA 

First line of defense 

Protects body surfaces

Prevents adherence of organism 

Neutralizes organisms 

Immune exclusions 

IgE 

2nd line of defense 

Causes degranulation of mast cells 

Allergic response                  

Compliment Pathway 

(protein)

19 Steps to reach MAC

To initiate 

Antigen/Antibody combo

_{Convalently binds to microbial surface}

Endproduct Membrane attact complex

Synthsized in liveror macrophages

Neutrophils store large quanities 

Cytokine

regulatory glycoprotein 

Interleukins

Interferons 

Tumor Necrosis factor 

Tumor Necrosis Factor 

TNF

_{Apoptosis (programmed death of cell)}

Inserts genetic code in tumor makes itself disrupt 

_{Stored in Neutrophils} 

_{Lysis all body fluid EXCEPT cerebrospinal fluid, sweat and urine} 

_{Increased concentrations in tears, saliva}

Helps potent opsonin 

pH is low 3-6 

Presence of bacterial products/ organisms/ injury/ molecules form tissue damage 

How inflammation starts (chemotaxis)

P selectin starts the process 

Swelling (tumor) 

Pain (dolor) 

Heat (calor) 

Redness (rubor) 

5th - loss of function (new)

Zeta potential 

Phagocyotisis 

Lysozymes 

repiratory bunts 

Remove dead/dying neutrophils

Attacted to bacterial products 

generation of nitric oxide

Protein synthasis (lysozymes) 

Aid in wound healing 

compliment products 

(lysozymes)

IL1, IL6, TNF

also produce other products to help rebuild 

_{Removal of scar tissue- Collaginase}

_{Growth of new vessels- Angiogenisis}

_{Release connective tissue matrix protein} 

Osteoclasts

(Break down bone) 

IL1, IL6, TNF

microbial invasion 

macrophage stimulation 

Cliical signs of acute protein phase response 

loss of appetite 

Depression 

Fever 

Neutrophilia 

Flagellum - H antigen 

Pili - F antigen 

Cell capsule - K antigen 

Cell wall- O antigen 

Size 

Complexity 

Stabilty 

Foreigness 

Epitopes 

Hapten 

Antigen Presenting Receptors 

*Major Histocompatibilty Complex

3 Classes?

_{I- Endogenous - most neucleated cells}

II- Exogenous -

Macrophages,B cells, Dendrite

III- Receptor Sites -

encodes for complimenting 

Thymus 

Bursa of Fabricus 

Peyers patch 

Bone marrow 

Hemplymph

Digestive 

Urogential 

Spleen 

Lymph nodes 

Tonsils 

can be romoved without consequenc

Helper T (can further divide) 

Cytotoxic 

Memory T 

Presenting cells 

Mammals-bone marrow/ peyers patch

Birds - Bursa of fabricus 

Produce antibody 

Plasma cells (fully matured) 

Memory Cells  (shortens lag) most animals 7-10 days

Protect body form organism until ... 

Deals with cytotoxic effect on tumors and viruses 

Capa (heavy chain) 

Lambda (light chain) 

IgG

(specific) 

Agglutination 

Oponization 

Smallest

made and secreted by plasma cells 

highest concentrations in blood 

compliment activation 

Virus neautralization 

agglutination 

measured by plasma cells 

second highest concentration in blood

IgA

(specific) 

Predominates all body surfaces 

_{Except Milk in colostrum in ruminents} 

Prevents adherence of antigen to surfaces 

Virus neutralization agglutination

IgE 

(specific) 

low concentrations in serum 9 more on surfaces) 

Binds to mast cells/ basolphils causing degranulation 

*allergies 

IgD 

(specific) 

Not present in all species and not breed specific 

NOT in pigs, cattle, rabbits 

Primarily a recpetor site (MCH 1,2,3)