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Immunology Final
Past Exam Questions
124
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
11/17/2010

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Cards

Term
What are 2 secondary lymph organs other than spleen and lymph nodes?
Definition
peyers patches
bone marrow
Term
List 2 functions of the spleen
Definition
filter RBC
activation and expansion of B and T cells
Term
name one tissue specific macrophage
Definition
kupffer cell
histiocyte
Term
What are 2 effects of macrophage activation by PAMPs
Definition
phagocytosis
antigen presentation
Term
What mechanism is responsible for the higher affinity of antibodies to an antigen in a secondary response?
Definition
somatic hypermutation
Term
What are two reactions to injury that result in inflammation?
Definition
vasodilation
increased neutrophils
Term
List 3 mechanisms of generating diversity in B cell receptors? Does each occur in T cell receptors?
Definition
somatic hypermutation, no
allelic exclusion, yes
sloppiness, yes
Term
Why cant an IgE class switch to IgA?
Definition
genes have been deleted
Term
What is positive selection?
Definition
recognizes antigen
Term
What is negative selection?
Definition
recognizes self
Term
What type of cells have MHCII?
Definition
APC
Term
Is MHC endogenous or exogenous?
Definition
exogenous
Term
What type of cell does MHCII present to?
Definition
CD4 T cells
Term
What is meant by polymorphism and polygeny in regards to MHC?
Definition
Term
What two signals do T cells need to be activated?
What happens if only one signal is received?
Definition
1st: MHC recognizes TCR:
a. TCR recognizes Ag
b. CD4/8 recognizes MCHI/II
c. CD3 send signal to T cell to upregulate CD28
2nd: CD40L (APC) binds to CD40 (Tcell)
nothing
Term
What is the major target in a graft that is recognized by the immune system as foreign?
Definition
MHC protein
Term
Why is bone marrow transplant different than other types?
Definition
graft vs host, making the immune system foreign
Term
What general immunological concept underlies a first set vs a second set rejection of a graft?
Definition
first set takes longer
second set is faster because the immune system has been primed
Term
Why do offspring accept a graft from parents but parents cant accept a graft from offspring?
Definition
offspring has both parents proteins, parent would recognize one as foreign
Term
What is the difference between major and minor crossmatching?
Definition
major: donor RBC mixed with recipient serum
minor: donor serum mixed with recipient RBC
Term
What is pleitropy in regards to cytokines?
Definition
cytokines act on multiple cells with different outcomes
Term
What organ produces erythropoeitin?
Definition
kidney
Term
What is the primary role of cytokines?
Definition
influence inflammation and the immune response
Term
nitric oxide is produced thought the action of which enzyme?
Definition
inducible nitrous oxide synthase
Term
Where in the cell is NADPH oxidase found?
Definition
lysosome or cell membrane
Term
What cell types are most important effector cells in ADCC?
Definition
NK cells and eosinophils
Term
What happens to a tumor with no normal MHC on its cells?
Definition
killer inhibitory receptor cannot bind with MHC I and the NK cell kills the cell
Term
A lack of what two things causes bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency?
Definition
lack of integrin function
lack of ability of neutrophils to infiltrate tissues
Term
What cell type does FeLV and FIV affect?
Definition
CD4 T cells
Term
How does parvovirus cause immunosupression?
Definition
destroys rapidly dividing cells
decreases bone marrow hematopoiesis and lymphoid function
Term
T/F: corticosteroids cause immunosupression by reducing the effects of neutralizing antibodies
Definition
F
Term
Do macrophages play a role in the immune response to cancer?
Definition
yes
Term
What is clonal anergy?
Definition
suppression of mature B and T cell clones with self reactive antigen receptors
Term
What does clonal anergy lead to?
Definition
tolerance
Term
What mediates killing of cancer cells by NK cells?
Definition
CD95/CD95L (Fas/Fas ligand)
Term
What are 4 reasons for failure of the immune response in cancer patients?
Definition
tolerance
downregulation of MHC I
suppresor cells
blocking antibodies
Term
What innate immune response is a first line of defense against bacteria?
Definition
alternate complement pathway
Term
What is different about the classical complement pathway?
Definition
activated by antigen:antibody complexes
Term
If an animal had a C3 deficiency, what would be the clinical sign?
Definition
recurrent bacteria infection
Term
What are unique features of the mucosal immune system?
Definition
M cells, IELs, secretory IgA, adhesion molecules for homing
Term
What is meant by the common mucosal immune system?
Definition
homing of IgA committed B cells and CD4 T cells primed at one mucosal site to another mucosal site
Term
If equine influenza vaccine were administered intranasally, what antibody would be produced?
Definition
secretory IgA
Term
What are 2 unique features of secretory IgA?
Definition
production only in mucosal tissue
resistant to protease degradation
Term
What are IELs?
Definition
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
CD8 T cells with originate in the bone marrow, have non-MHC restricted cytotolytic function, have gamma/delta TCR and a CD8 alpha/alpha co receptor
Term
What is the predominant antibody in colostrum?
Definition
dimeric IgG
Term
What is the predominant antibody in milk?
Definition
secretory IgA
Term
What test does the diagnostic lab perform for suspected rabies?
Definition
direct immunoflourescent antibody test for rabies virus antigen in the brain tissue
Term
What test does the diagnostic lab perform for suspected rabies?
Definition
direct immunoflourescent antibody test for rabies virus antigen in the brain tissue
Term
What test would you use to test for Ehrlicia antibodies in blood?
Definition
indirect immunoflourescent antibody test
Term
What reagents would you need for an ELISA to test for EIA antibodies?
Definition
EIA antigen to coat wells
patient serum
anti-horse IgG antibody conjugated to HRP
HRP substrate
Term
What reagents do you need for a ELISA to detect antigens?
Definition
antivirus antibody
patient serum
antivirus antibody conjugated with HRP
HRP substrate
Term
What reagents would you need for a SNAp test for heartworm antibody AND antigen?
Definition
cannot do this, the capture antibody would bind the capture antigen
Term
What reagents would you need for a SNAP test for canine heartworm antigen, FeLV antigen, and FIV antibody
Definition
mouse antiheartworm antibody with HRP
mouse antiFeLV antibody with HRP
FIV antigen with HRP
Term
What is tolerance?
Definition
lack of response to self antigen
Term
What is clonal deletion or abortion?
Definition
Elimination of immature B or T cells with self reactive antigen receptors
Term
Are T cell clones that recognize self MHC antigens selected for survival in thymopoeisis?
Definition
yes, but they are not self reactive
Term
What is the definition of autoimmunity?
Definition
loss of self tolerance
Term
What can cause an immune mediated response to self antigen?
Definition
release of hidden antigen from immunologically privileged sites
formation of new epitopes on self antigens
molecular immunity
Term
What regulates duration of the adaptive immune response?
Definition
elimination of the antigen
negative feedback on b cells by high levels of antibodies generated by the response
Term
What increased immunogenicity?
Definition
large size
intermediate dose
complex
Term
What decreases immunogenicity?
Definition
small size
high or low dose
simple
Term
What is the best vaccine route for a nonmucosal pathogen?
Definition
subcutaneous
Term
A hypersensitivity response is composed of what type of immune response to what type of antigen?
Definition
inappropriate
foreign
Term
What is an effector and condition associated with type I hypersensitivity?
Definition
mast cell
allergy/anaphalaxis
Term
What is an effector and condition associated with type II hypersensitivity?
Definition
IgG
transfusion
drug reaction
Term
What is an effector and condition associated with type III hypersensitivity?
Definition
Immune complexes
glomerulonephritis
Term
What is an effector and condition associated with type IV hypersensitivity?
Definition
T cells
tuberculin reaction
Term
In anaphalaxis, what organ would have the most pooling of blood and smooth muscle contraction?
Definition
lung
Term
What species doesnt need a match for transfusion?
Definition
cow
Term
Why does antigenic variation evade the immune response?
Definition
Term
Why does use of phagocytes evade the immune response?
Definition
hide inside
Term
Why does decreased MHC expression evade the immune response?
Definition
not able to present antigen properly
Term
Why does mimic of host antigen evade the immune response?
Definition
body doesnt attack itself
Term
List one difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs and give an example of each.
Definition
primary: lymphocytes generated, bone marrow
secondary: mature, thymus
Term
What are 2 functions of macrophages?
Definition
phagocytize bacteria
release cytokines
Term
Is recognition of PAMPs innate or adaptive?
Definition
innate
Term
Are macrophages, neutrophils, complement, and NK cells primary cells in innate response of adaptive?
Definition
innate
Term
Is memory is important in generating an effective immune response in innate or adaptive?
Definition
adaptive
Term
Ag processing is critical in what type of immune response?
Definition
adaptive
Term
Identify if each are processing for MHC I or II:
a. characterized by phagocytosis of exogenous antigen
b. requires fusion of the lysosome and phagosome
c. requires presentation by professional APC
d. requires prteosome for processing endogenous antigen
Definition
a. MHC II
b. II
c. II
d. I
Term
What is the benefit of the second signal in T cell and APC?
Definition
makes activation of T cells antigen specific and prevents activation of t cells with self antigen
Term
Increased immunogenicity:
size, dose, route, composition, form, chemical
Definition
large, intermediate, SQ, complex, particle, protein
Term
Give a name, effector cell, and disease for hypersensitivity I-IV
Definition
I: immediate, IgE, anaphylaxis
II: cytotoxic, ADCC, blood transfer
III: immune complex, neutrophils, glomerulonephritis
IV: delayed, T cells, tuberculin
Term
Why does mycobacterium infection become chronic?
Definition
macrophages are ineffective at killing
Term
How does passive transfer occur?
Definition
pinocytosis that is nonselective
Term
T/F: Only IgG is present in colostrum.
Definition
F
Term
T/F: Animal makes colostrum during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy.
Definition
T
Term
What is the most important positive consequence of passive transfer?
Definition
protects neonate from things its not ready to fight
Term
What are two negative consequences of passive transfer?
Definition
neonate takes longer to make its own Abs
colostrum may contain Abs agains neonate's RBC
Term
Other than not ingesting it, how else could colostrum not be effective?
Definition
not absorbed by gut (undeveloped)
low quality
premature partuition
Term
What are 3 ways pathogens evade the immune response?
Definition
alter production of MHC
produce mimic antigens
live inside immune cells, alter them
Term
In regards to invasion, the organism first encounters what? Then what happens?
Definition
epithelium, it divides, releasing mediators that cause inflammation and migration of leukocytes
Term
___on the organism are recognized by ____receptors on phagocytes, causing the phagocytes to become activated
Definition
PAMP, Tolllike receptor
Term
complement and the components of the organism recruit and activate ______
Definition
macrophages
Term
What are the immune responses to:
a. toxin, b. intestinal infection, c. initial innate to WNV, d. short term adaptive to WNV, e. long term adaptive to WNV
Definition
a. neutralizing Ab, b. neutralizing antibody, c. IFN-alpha, d. neutralizing antibody, e. CD8 T cells *not sure about these, conflicting answers on different study guides/tests*
Term
What is the predominant immune response in: a. extracellular protozoa, b. helminthes, c. intracellular bacteria
Definition
a. opsonizing Ab, b. IgE mediated eosinophil killing, c. phagosome-lysosome
Term
Name 2 problems that can occur with a vaccine
Definition
immune response not created
fever/inflammation
virus return to virulence if modified live
Term
name two goals of vaccination that are independent of eradication
Definition
prevent individual from infection
lower level of virus shedding in population
prevent disease in a herd
Term
What contributes to eradication of a disease by vaccination?
Definition
short incubation, limited reservoir, long duration of immunity after disease, highly pathogenic
Term
For each type of vaccine, fill in whether an adjuvunct is needed, if it replicates in host, exogenous or endogenous.
Definition
Killed: needed, No, exo
Mod Live: not needed, Yes, Endo
Subunit: Needed, No, Exo
Recombo: not needed, Yes, both
Term
What is a graft transplanted between two genetically different members of the same species called?
Definition
allograft
Term
What is the main target in transplant rejection?
Definition
MHC!
Term
For each rejection type, fill in the type of hyersensitivity, cellular or humoral immunity, and time it takes to reject
Definition
hyperacute: type II, humoral, hours to days
acute: type IV, cellular, weeks to months
chronic: type IV and III, both, months to years
Term
What causes neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals?
Definition
dam was exposed to offspring RBC and produced Ab to them, Ab go into colostrum and attack foal when ingested.
Term
Are cytokines preformed?
Definition
no
Term
Which cytokine downregulates the immune response by inhibiting activation of macrophages?
Definition
IL10
Term
The function of which cytokine is dependent upon the amount of cytokine present in circulation?
Definition
IL6
Term
What is pleitropy?
Definition
cytokines act on many cell types inducing different responses
Term
What cell type productes erythropoeitin?
Definition
renal fibroblasts
Term
What are complications of erythropoeitin therapy?
Definition
polycythemia (too amny RBC)
Ab development to EPO
Ab against own EPO
Term
IL5 plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions and antparasite reactions through its effect on what cell type?
Definition
eosinophils
Term
superoxide (O2) is produced through the action of what enzyme?
Definition
NADPH oxidase
Term
Where in the cell is NADPH oxidase found?
Definition
lysosome membrane
Term
What cells are the most important effector cell in ADCC?
Definition
NK and eosinophils
Term
Which cell type requires MHC I?
Definition
CTL
Term
What is the basic pathogenesis of SCID?
Definition
hypoplasia of B and T cell tissues and lack of lymphocyte mediated immunity
Term
What is the defect in animals with chediak-higashi?
Definition
lysosomal function is abnormal
Term
What complement pathway is activated by binding of IgG to antigens on cell surfaces?
Definition
classical
Term
what complement pathway is activated by bacteria in absebce of a humoral response?
Definition
alternate
Term
What is the most important difference between the classical and alternate complement pathways?
Definition
classical activated by Ag/Ab complexes
Term
What is the key enzyme in both complement pathways that allows completion of the cascade?
Definition
C3 convertase
Term
What is the key protein generated by C3 convertase that coats bacterial surfaces and infected cell surfaces?
Definition
C3b
Term
What are the most important effector functions that result from complement activation by bacterial infection?
Definition
lysis of bacteria, phagocytosis, inflammation
Term
How is B and T cell self tolerance established?
Definition
clonal deletion, clonal anergy
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