Term
| What are 2 secondary lymph organs other than spleen and lymph nodes? |
|
Definition
peyers patches
bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| List 2 functions of the spleen |
|
Definition
filter RBC
activation and expansion of B and T cells |
|
|
Term
| name one tissue specific macrophage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 effects of macrophage activation by PAMPs |
|
Definition
phagocytosis
antigen presentation |
|
|
Term
| What mechanism is responsible for the higher affinity of antibodies to an antigen in a secondary response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two reactions to injury that result in inflammation? |
|
Definition
vasodilation
increased neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| List 3 mechanisms of generating diversity in B cell receptors? Does each occur in T cell receptors? |
|
Definition
somatic hypermutation, no
allelic exclusion, yes
sloppiness, yes |
|
|
Term
| Why cant an IgE class switch to IgA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is positive selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is negative selection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells have MHCII? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is MHC endogenous or exogenous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cell does MHCII present to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is meant by polymorphism and polygeny in regards to MHC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What two signals do T cells need to be activated?
What happens if only one signal is received? |
|
Definition
1st: MHC recognizes TCR:
a. TCR recognizes Ag
b. CD4/8 recognizes MCHI/II
c. CD3 send signal to T cell to upregulate CD28
2nd: CD40L (APC) binds to CD40 (Tcell)
nothing |
|
|
Term
| What is the major target in a graft that is recognized by the immune system as foreign? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is bone marrow transplant different than other types? |
|
Definition
| graft vs host, making the immune system foreign |
|
|
Term
| What general immunological concept underlies a first set vs a second set rejection of a graft? |
|
Definition
first set takes longer
second set is faster because the immune system has been primed |
|
|
Term
| Why do offspring accept a graft from parents but parents cant accept a graft from offspring? |
|
Definition
| offspring has both parents proteins, parent would recognize one as foreign |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference between major and minor crossmatching? |
|
Definition
major: donor RBC mixed with recipient serum
minor: donor serum mixed with recipient RBC |
|
|
Term
| What is pleitropy in regards to cytokines? |
|
Definition
| cytokines act on multiple cells with different outcomes |
|
|
Term
| What organ produces erythropoeitin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary role of cytokines? |
|
Definition
| influence inflammation and the immune response |
|
|
Term
| nitric oxide is produced thought the action of which enzyme? |
|
Definition
| inducible nitrous oxide synthase |
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell is NADPH oxidase found? |
|
Definition
| lysosome or cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| What cell types are most important effector cells in ADCC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens to a tumor with no normal MHC on its cells? |
|
Definition
| killer inhibitory receptor cannot bind with MHC I and the NK cell kills the cell |
|
|
Term
| A lack of what two things causes bovine leukocyte adhesion deficiency? |
|
Definition
lack of integrin function
lack of ability of neutrophils to infiltrate tissues |
|
|
Term
| What cell type does FeLV and FIV affect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does parvovirus cause immunosupression? |
|
Definition
destroys rapidly dividing cells
decreases bone marrow hematopoiesis and lymphoid function |
|
|
Term
| T/F: corticosteroids cause immunosupression by reducing the effects of neutralizing antibodies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Do macrophages play a role in the immune response to cancer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| suppression of mature B and T cell clones with self reactive antigen receptors |
|
|
Term
| What does clonal anergy lead to? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What mediates killing of cancer cells by NK cells? |
|
Definition
| CD95/CD95L (Fas/Fas ligand) |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 reasons for failure of the immune response in cancer patients? |
|
Definition
tolerance
downregulation of MHC I
suppresor cells
blocking antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What innate immune response is a first line of defense against bacteria? |
|
Definition
| alternate complement pathway |
|
|
Term
| What is different about the classical complement pathway? |
|
Definition
| activated by antigen:antibody complexes |
|
|
Term
| If an animal had a C3 deficiency, what would be the clinical sign? |
|
Definition
| recurrent bacteria infection |
|
|
Term
| What are unique features of the mucosal immune system? |
|
Definition
| M cells, IELs, secretory IgA, adhesion molecules for homing |
|
|
Term
| What is meant by the common mucosal immune system? |
|
Definition
| homing of IgA committed B cells and CD4 T cells primed at one mucosal site to another mucosal site |
|
|
Term
| If equine influenza vaccine were administered intranasally, what antibody would be produced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 unique features of secretory IgA? |
|
Definition
production only in mucosal tissue
resistant to protease degradation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Intraepithelial lymphocytes
CD8 T cells with originate in the bone marrow, have non-MHC restricted cytotolytic function, have gamma/delta TCR and a CD8 alpha/alpha co receptor |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant antibody in colostrum? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant antibody in milk? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What test does the diagnostic lab perform for suspected rabies? |
|
Definition
| direct immunoflourescent antibody test for rabies virus antigen in the brain tissue |
|
|
Term
| What test does the diagnostic lab perform for suspected rabies? |
|
Definition
| direct immunoflourescent antibody test for rabies virus antigen in the brain tissue |
|
|
Term
| What test would you use to test for Ehrlicia antibodies in blood? |
|
Definition
| indirect immunoflourescent antibody test |
|
|
Term
| What reagents would you need for an ELISA to test for EIA antibodies? |
|
Definition
EIA antigen to coat wells
patient serum
anti-horse IgG antibody conjugated to HRP
HRP substrate |
|
|
Term
| What reagents do you need for a ELISA to detect antigens? |
|
Definition
antivirus antibody
patient serum
antivirus antibody conjugated with HRP
HRP substrate |
|
|
Term
| What reagents would you need for a SNAp test for heartworm antibody AND antigen? |
|
Definition
| cannot do this, the capture antibody would bind the capture antigen |
|
|
Term
| What reagents would you need for a SNAP test for canine heartworm antigen, FeLV antigen, and FIV antibody |
|
Definition
mouse antiheartworm antibody with HRP
mouse antiFeLV antibody with HRP
FIV antigen with HRP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lack of response to self antigen |
|
|
Term
| What is clonal deletion or abortion? |
|
Definition
| Elimination of immature B or T cells with self reactive antigen receptors |
|
|
Term
| Are T cell clones that recognize self MHC antigens selected for survival in thymopoeisis? |
|
Definition
| yes, but they are not self reactive |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of autoimmunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause an immune mediated response to self antigen? |
|
Definition
release of hidden antigen from immunologically privileged sites
formation of new epitopes on self antigens
molecular immunity |
|
|
Term
| What regulates duration of the adaptive immune response? |
|
Definition
elimination of the antigen
negative feedback on b cells by high levels of antibodies generated by the response |
|
|
Term
| What increased immunogenicity? |
|
Definition
large size
intermediate dose
complex |
|
|
Term
| What decreases immunogenicity? |
|
Definition
small size
high or low dose
simple |
|
|
Term
| What is the best vaccine route for a nonmucosal pathogen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A hypersensitivity response is composed of what type of immune response to what type of antigen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is an effector and condition associated with type I hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
mast cell
allergy/anaphalaxis |
|
|
Term
| What is an effector and condition associated with type II hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
IgG
transfusion
drug reaction |
|
|
Term
| What is an effector and condition associated with type III hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
Immune complexes
glomerulonephritis |
|
|
Term
| What is an effector and condition associated with type IV hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
T cells
tuberculin reaction |
|
|
Term
| In anaphalaxis, what organ would have the most pooling of blood and smooth muscle contraction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What species doesnt need a match for transfusion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does antigenic variation evade the immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does use of phagocytes evade the immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why does decreased MHC expression evade the immune response? |
|
Definition
| not able to present antigen properly |
|
|
Term
| Why does mimic of host antigen evade the immune response? |
|
Definition
| body doesnt attack itself |
|
|
Term
| List one difference between primary and secondary lymphoid organs and give an example of each. |
|
Definition
primary: lymphocytes generated, bone marrow
secondary: mature, thymus |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 functions of macrophages? |
|
Definition
phagocytize bacteria
release cytokines |
|
|
Term
| Is recognition of PAMPs innate or adaptive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Are macrophages, neutrophils, complement, and NK cells primary cells in innate response of adaptive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is memory is important in generating an effective immune response in innate or adaptive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ag processing is critical in what type of immune response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Identify if each are processing for MHC I or II:
a. characterized by phagocytosis of exogenous antigen
b. requires fusion of the lysosome and phagosome
c. requires presentation by professional APC
d. requires prteosome for processing endogenous antigen |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the benefit of the second signal in T cell and APC? |
|
Definition
| makes activation of T cells antigen specific and prevents activation of t cells with self antigen |
|
|
Term
Increased immunogenicity:
size, dose, route, composition, form, chemical |
|
Definition
| large, intermediate, SQ, complex, particle, protein |
|
|
Term
| Give a name, effector cell, and disease for hypersensitivity I-IV |
|
Definition
I: immediate, IgE, anaphylaxis
II: cytotoxic, ADCC, blood transfer
III: immune complex, neutrophils, glomerulonephritis
IV: delayed, T cells, tuberculin |
|
|
Term
| Why does mycobacterium infection become chronic? |
|
Definition
| macrophages are ineffective at killing |
|
|
Term
| How does passive transfer occur? |
|
Definition
| pinocytosis that is nonselective |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Only IgG is present in colostrum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: Animal makes colostrum during the last 4 weeks of pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important positive consequence of passive transfer? |
|
Definition
| protects neonate from things its not ready to fight |
|
|
Term
| What are two negative consequences of passive transfer? |
|
Definition
neonate takes longer to make its own Abs
colostrum may contain Abs agains neonate's RBC |
|
|
Term
| Other than not ingesting it, how else could colostrum not be effective? |
|
Definition
not absorbed by gut (undeveloped)
low quality
premature partuition |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 ways pathogens evade the immune response? |
|
Definition
alter production of MHC
produce mimic antigens
live inside immune cells, alter them |
|
|
Term
| In regards to invasion, the organism first encounters what? Then what happens? |
|
Definition
| epithelium, it divides, releasing mediators that cause inflammation and migration of leukocytes |
|
|
Term
| ___on the organism are recognized by ____receptors on phagocytes, causing the phagocytes to become activated |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complement and the components of the organism recruit and activate ______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What are the immune responses to:
a. toxin, b. intestinal infection, c. initial innate to WNV, d. short term adaptive to WNV, e. long term adaptive to WNV |
|
Definition
| a. neutralizing Ab, b. neutralizing antibody, c. IFN-alpha, d. neutralizing antibody, e. CD8 T cells *not sure about these, conflicting answers on different study guides/tests* |
|
|
Term
| What is the predominant immune response in: a. extracellular protozoa, b. helminthes, c. intracellular bacteria |
|
Definition
| a. opsonizing Ab, b. IgE mediated eosinophil killing, c. phagosome-lysosome |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 problems that can occur with a vaccine |
|
Definition
immune response not created
fever/inflammation
virus return to virulence if modified live |
|
|
Term
| name two goals of vaccination that are independent of eradication |
|
Definition
prevent individual from infection
lower level of virus shedding in population
prevent disease in a herd |
|
|
Term
| What contributes to eradication of a disease by vaccination? |
|
Definition
| short incubation, limited reservoir, long duration of immunity after disease, highly pathogenic |
|
|
Term
| For each type of vaccine, fill in whether an adjuvunct is needed, if it replicates in host, exogenous or endogenous. |
|
Definition
Killed: needed, No, exo
Mod Live: not needed, Yes, Endo
Subunit: Needed, No, Exo
Recombo: not needed, Yes, both |
|
|
Term
| What is a graft transplanted between two genetically different members of the same species called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main target in transplant rejection? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For each rejection type, fill in the type of hyersensitivity, cellular or humoral immunity, and time it takes to reject |
|
Definition
hyperacute: type II, humoral, hours to days
acute: type IV, cellular, weeks to months
chronic: type IV and III, both, months to years |
|
|
Term
| What causes neonatal isoerythrolysis in foals? |
|
Definition
| dam was exposed to offspring RBC and produced Ab to them, Ab go into colostrum and attack foal when ingested. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cytokine downregulates the immune response by inhibiting activation of macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The function of which cytokine is dependent upon the amount of cytokine present in circulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cytokines act on many cell types inducing different responses |
|
|
Term
| What cell type productes erythropoeitin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are complications of erythropoeitin therapy? |
|
Definition
polycythemia (too amny RBC)
Ab development to EPO
Ab against own EPO |
|
|
Term
| IL5 plays a role in hypersensitivity reactions and antparasite reactions through its effect on what cell type? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| superoxide (O2) is produced through the action of what enzyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where in the cell is NADPH oxidase found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are the most important effector cell in ADCC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cell type requires MHC I? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the basic pathogenesis of SCID? |
|
Definition
| hypoplasia of B and T cell tissues and lack of lymphocyte mediated immunity |
|
|
Term
| What is the defect in animals with chediak-higashi? |
|
Definition
| lysosomal function is abnormal |
|
|
Term
| What complement pathway is activated by binding of IgG to antigens on cell surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what complement pathway is activated by bacteria in absebce of a humoral response? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important difference between the classical and alternate complement pathways? |
|
Definition
| classical activated by Ag/Ab complexes |
|
|
Term
| What is the key enzyme in both complement pathways that allows completion of the cascade? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the key protein generated by C3 convertase that coats bacterial surfaces and infected cell surfaces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most important effector functions that result from complement activation by bacterial infection? |
|
Definition
| lysis of bacteria, phagocytosis, inflammation |
|
|
Term
| How is B and T cell self tolerance established? |
|
Definition
| clonal deletion, clonal anergy |
|
|
