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Immunity and the Immune System
Immunity, Immune System, Chapter 21
96
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/23/2014

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Term
What is the definition of Immunity?
Definition
Resistance to disease
Term
What are the types of intrinsic defense systems?
Definition
Innate (non specific), and Adaptive (specific) defense system
Term
What is the first line of defense?
Is it Innate or Adaptive?
Definition
Intact skin and mucosae prevent entry of microorganisms

It is Innate
Term
What is the second line of defense?
Is it innate or Adaptive?
Definition
Antimicrobial Proteins (NOT ANTIBODIES),
phagocytes, and other cells
Produces Inflammation
It is innate
Term
What is the third line of defense?
Is it innate or adaptive?
Definition
mounts attack against particular foreign substances
It is adaptive and therefore specific
Term
Which defense cells are cellular, and which are humoral?
Definition
T cells are cellular as they are cell to cell killers

B cells are humoral - anti body molecules work against what is outside cells
Term
What are the types of physical and chemical barriers in the first line of defense?
Definition
Skin, Mucus, the digestive system, and the respiratory system, and saliva and lacrimal fluid of the eye
Term
What properties of skin make it a part of the 1st line of defense?
Definition
Keratin - physical barrier; resists bacterial enzymes and toxins, sloughing outer layer
AND
Skin secretions (sebum) are acidic (a ph of 3-5) - this inhibits bacterial growth
Term
What properties of mucus make it a part of the 1st line of defense?
Definition
Mucus of the digestive and respiratory pathways trap pathogens

Ex:Mouth, Eurogenital
Term
What properties of the digestive system make it a part of the 1st line of defense?
Definition
Stomach acid kills many bacteria, as do protein digesting enzymes
Term
What properties of the respiratory system make it a part of the 1st line of defense?
Definition
Hairs in the nose
Ciliated cells within the upper respiratory tract (trachea, ect)
lined with psuedostratified ciliated epithelium
Term
What properties of saliva and lacrimal fluid make it a part of the 1st line of defense?
Definition
These two have lysozyme - a bacteria destroying enzyme
Term
Do the physical and chemical barriers of the first line of defense always work?
Definition
NOPE
things can get through unbroken skin
For example: Hookworm larvae
Term
Second line of defense: Cells and chemicals

What are some types of Nonspecific Cellular and Chemical Protection?
Definition
Phagocytes
Natural Killer Cells
Anti Microbial Proteins
Inflammatory response
Term
How can harmful substances be identified?
Definition
By Surface Carbohydrates unique to infectious organisms
Term
What binds to toll like receptors on macrophages
Definition
Surface Carbohydrates unique to infectious organisms

Which then releases chemical messengers called Cytokines causing more defensive cells to come into the area
Term
What are cytokines?
Definition
chemical messengers that cause more defensive cells to come into the area
Term
What is the primary type of phagocytes?
How do they work?
Definition
Primary type are macrophages
They destroy invaders by phagocytosis
Term
Does phagocytes always work?
Definition
Nope, things get around
Ex:Leishmaniasis
Term
Second line of Defense:
Where do natural killer cells circulate?
Definition
In blood and lymph
Term
2nd line of defense:
Natural killer cells have a subpopulation of what?
Definition
Large granular lymphocytes
Term
2nd Line of defense:
What do natural killer cells do to cancer cells and virus infected cells?
Definition
Lyse and kill them
They identify, attach to, and kill cancerous cells by looking for an absence of non self markers
Term
2nd line of defense:
Do natural killer cells react specifically or non specifically
Definition
Non specifically - they look for the absence of specific markers
Term
What type of chemicals do natural killer cells secrete?
Definition
Chemicals that enhance the inflammatory response
Term
Second line of defense: Antimicrobial proteins

How do they enhance innate defenses?
Definition
By attacking microorganisms directly
and hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce
Term
Second line of defense:
What are the most important types of antimicrobial proteins?
Definition
Inteferons, which block the viruses ability to make copies of itself (does not kill virus)
Complement proteins - direct killing
enhances antibodies
opsonization
Term
Second line of defense:
Inflammation
When is the inflammatory response triggered?
Definition
Whenever body tissue is injured
Term
Second line of defense:
what does inflammation do?
Definition
Prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
(gets rid of dead stuff, pus comes out)
Sets the stage for repair processes
Term
What are signs of acute inflammation?
Definition
Redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Term
Second line of defense: Inflammation
What happens after injury
Definition
A release of chemical mediators that:
Increase blood flow- causing heat and redness
Attract WBCS and other cells
Cause fluid to move into the area from capillaries-- cause pain and swelling

Neutrophils, macrophages destroy invaders and clean up the area
Term
Second line of defense: Fevers

What is a fever a response to?
Definition
invading microorganisms
Term
What do leukocytes and macrophages secrete?
Definition
Pyrogens
Term
Why are high fevers dangerous?
Definition
A fever of 108-110, people can die due to proteins denaturing
Term
Why can moderate fevers actually be beneficial?
Definition
The liver and spleen sequester iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)

An increase in the metabolic rate, which speeds up tissue repair
Term
Third line of defense: adaptive (specific defenses)

What characteristics does the third line of defense have?
Definition
Its highly specific- identifies/attacks pathogens

Systemic - immunity not restricted to the initial infection site

Memory - able to recognize and more quickly respond to the pathogens it has encountered before
Term
What are two separate but overlapping parts of the adaptive defenses?
Definition
Humoral or antibody mediated immunity
AND
Cellular, or cell mediated immunity
Term
What are antigens?
Definition
Substances that mobilize the adaptive immune system and provoke an immune response
Term
What are examples of antigens?
Definition
Bacteria, viruses, environmental toxins, parasites (anything non self)
Term
What are the difference between complete antigens and Incomplete antigens (Haptens)
Definition
Complete antigens show immunogenicity, and reactivity

Incomplete antigens or haptens are small molecules that show reactivity but are not immunogenic

May cause allergic reactions
Found in poison ivy, dander, some detergents, and cosmetics
Term
What are antigenic Determinants?
Definition
Parts of the outer surface of the antigen that serve s locations where antibodies or activated lymphocytes attach when attacking the antigen
Term
Self Antigens: MHC Proteins

What are MHC Proteins?
Definition
Our cells are dotted with protein molecules (self antigens) that are not antigenic to us but are strongly antigenic to others
Term
What marks a cell as self
Definition
A type of MHC Protein
Term
self antigens: MHC Proteins

Are MHC Proteins unique to the individual?
Definition
Si senor
Term
Whats the difference between MHC I
and MHC II proteins?
Definition
MHC I proteins are found on all body cells except RBCs

They present fragments of normal self proteins (if they're healthy) and foreign antigen (if infected)


MHC II are found only on APCs (Dendritic cells, B cells, Macrophages)

Present fragments of foreign antigen
Term
What is MHC camouflage?
Definition
Avoiding immune attack
The worms live in blood vessels and incorporate host MHC in their outer coat to camouflage themselves against attack
Term
What are the 3 types of
Definition
Term
What are the 3 types of cells in the adaptive immune system?
Definition
B lymphocytes B cells
T Lymphocytes T cells
Antigen-Presenting cells (APCS)
Term
What do B lymphocytes do? (B cells)
Definition
Oversee humoral immunity
Make antibodies
Term
what do T lymphocytes do? (T Cells)
Definition
non-antibody producing cells that constitute the cell mediated arm of immunity
Term
What do APCS do?
Definition
They do not respond to specific antigens

Have to be present to tell cells how their target looks like

Play essential auxiliary roles in immunity, macrophages +others
Term
What do immature lymphocytes look like when they're released from bone marrow?
Definition
They're essentially identical
They arise from hematopoetic structures
Term
What determines whether a lymphocyte becomes a T cell or B cell
Definition
Where in the body it becomes immunocompetent
Term
where do B cells and T cells mature?
Definition
B cells in BONE MARROW
T cells in THYMUS
Term
Immunocompetent B or T cells must show what?
Definition
self tolerance
If they can't recognize self they are destroyed
Term
Do b cells or t cells become immunocompetent before or after they encounter antigens they may later attack?
Definition
Before
Term
When do immunocompetent B or T cells become fully functional antigen activated cells?
Definition
upon binding with their recognized antigen
Term
Where are immunocompetent B or T cells exported?
Definition
To secondary lymphoid tissue as naïve cells where encounters with antigens occur
Term
What type of receptor do immunocompetent t or B cells have
Definition
a unique type of receptor that responds to a distinct antigen
Term
What are APCS major roles in immunity?
Definition
To engulf foreign particles
To present fragments of antigens on their own surfaces, to be recognized by t cells
Term
What are major APCS?
Definition
dendritic cells, activated b cells, and macrophages
Term
what is an antigen challenge?
Where does it take place?
Definition
the first encounter between an antigen and a naïve immunocompetent cell

Antibodies produced against antigen challenger

In the spleen or other lymphoid organ
Term
What are autoimmune diseases?
Definition
The immune system no longer distinguishes self from non self

Multiple sclerosis, Graves disease/Hashimotos thyroiditis, Rheumatoid arthritis (destruction of joints), Type I diabetes mellitus - immune system is destroying cells that produce insulin, located in the islets of langerhans
Term
Allergies are
Definition
hypersensitivities
the immune system overreacts to antigens and damages self
Term
Whats the difference between immediate allergies and delayed?
Definition
Immediate - 'allergy' anaphylactic shock, histamines released
antibody mediated
stimulates mast cells and basophils
Humoral

Delayed - contact dermatitis

cell mediated, poison ivy
Term
what are immunodeficiency's?
Definition
cause defects in immunity
can be congenital - born with it
like SCID - severe combined immunodeficiency cannot respond to infectious agent

Or Acquired

Hodgkin's Disease - cancer of lymph nodes and B cells
Term
What is titer?
Definition
The amount of antibodies in the blood
Term
What is the primary immune response like?
Definition
Cellular differentiation and proliferation which occurs on the first exposure to a specific antigen

Lag period: 3-6 days after antigen challenge

before enough antibodies are produced to fight the infection
Term
What is the secondary immune response like?
Definition
Re-exposure to same antigen

shorter lag time 2-3 days and stronger response

may last for years or even a life time
Term
Humoral response secretes
Definition
antibodies which bind to free antigens and mark them for destruction by specific or non specific mechanisms
Term
Clones from the humoral response that do not become plasma cells
Definition
become memory cells that can mount an immediate response to subsequent exposures to the same antigen
Term
Differences in active and passive immunity
Definition
Differences in antibody source and degree of protection
Term
In active immunity
Definition
B Cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

Memory clones are formed
Term
In passive immunity:
Definition
B cells are not challenged by antigens

Immunological memory does not occur

protection ends when antibodies naturally degrade in the body
Term
there are two types of immunity:

Acquired and artificially acquired
Definition
Active acquired: infection, contact w/ pathogen
Passive antibodies to fetus via placenta or breast milk


Artificially acquired active:
Vaccine; dead or attenuated pathogens

Passive artificially acquired: injection of immune serum: gammaglobulin
Term
how many classes of immunoglobulins?
Definition
5
Term
what are antibodies?
Definition
Soluble proteins secreted by plasma cells in response to an antigen
Term
what are antibodies capable of?
Definition
binding specifically with that antigen
Term
How many different type of antibodies do plasma cells make?
Definition
Over a billion
Term
Do antibodies destroy antigens?
Definition
No they target and label it for destruction
Term
What are the mechanisms of antibody action?
Definition
PLAN

Preciptation - antibodies stick to target, forming clumps, stick to each other too

Lyses

Agglutination
Dealing with whole cells

Neutralization - dangerous parts of bacterial toxin molecules are masked


Opsinisation soluable antibodies making clumps - making phagocytosis easier
Term
Cell mediated immune response;

Antibodies are useless against what?
Definition
Intracellular antigens, so cell mediated immunity is needed, can only deal with antigens outside the cell
By T cells cell to cell killing
Term
Cell mediated immune response;

Antibodies are useless against what?
Definition
Intracellular antigens, so cell mediated immunity is needed, can only deal with antigens outside the cell
By T cells cell to cell killing
Term
What are the two major populations of t cells that mediate cellular immunity?
Definition
Helper T cells (T H, CD4)

Cytotoxic T cells (Tc, CD8)
Term
T cells can only recognize process fragments of antigens after...
Definition
They're presented with their target by APCS and other cells
Term
T cells are best suited for
Definition
cell to cell interaction
Term
T cells target
Definition
cells infected with viruses
bacteria
intracellular parasites
abnormal or cancerous cells
cells of infused or transplanted foreign tissue
Term
Antigen recognition provides the key for the
Definition
immune system to recognize the presence of intracellular microorganisms
Term
MHC proteins are ignored by T cells IF
Definition
they are complexed with self protein fragments - i.e when cells are healthy
Term
MHC I complexes bind t
Definition
Term
MHC I complexes bind t
Definition
Term
cell and what type of APC
Definition
Tc Cells

APC
Term
MHC II complexes bind to
Definition
Th cells and APC, B cells
Term
Only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
Definition
Cytotoxic T cell Tc
Term
Cytotoxic T cells circulate throughout the body in search of
Definition
body cells that display the antigen to which they have been sensitized
Term
What are the targets of cytotoxic T cells
Definition
virus infected cells
cells within intracellular bacteria or parasites
cancer cells
foreign cells from blood transfusions or transplants
Term
Example of Tc Reaction and memory
Definition
Tuberculin PPD test

Cell mediated response
active disease
"memory" of past exposure
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