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| its literal meaning is "rebirth." This period of time happened in Italy roughly between 1350 and 1550 and idealized Greco-Roman ideals. |
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| a trading league based out of present day Germany. For a while (during the Black Death) it trumped Venice and the rest of Italy as the main fleet of merchants. |
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| Florence, Milan, Venice, the Papal States, Naples |
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| the five main states in the Italian Peninsula during the Renaissance. They were not united in a single country, but often had treaties with each other. |
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| a prominent family in Florence. They gained their fortune through the banking system and controlled Florence's government until they were kicked out of the state. |
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| A prominent family during the renaissance |
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| Another prominent family during the renaissance |
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| Book of the Courtier by Baldassare Castiglione |
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| this was a book written to point out what it took to be a noble. It stated that one must have fundamental native endowments (talents, noble birth, grace, etc.), cultivate certain achievements (military), and must also have a classic education (music, drawing). |
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| one of the leading women during the renaissance. She was a big supporter of the arts and was very involved in politics. |
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| basically a set of alliances in which nobody would benefit if there was a war, much like how WWI was started. It was a system of alliances. It was used by the Italian states during the Renaissance. |
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| this is an example of the balance of power used between the Italian states. It ended 50 years of war and kept Italy peaceful for about 40 years. The treaty stated that the alliances were Milan, Florence, and Naples vs. Venice and the Papal States. |
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| a man who loved politics. He wrote The Prince, a book about politics, after he was kicked out of Florence after the Medici family was reinstated. |
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| the most important literary movement in the Renaissance. Humanists studied the liberal arts of the Greeks and the Romans and was a movement based on these classics. Humanists thought that humans were the center of the world, and were the most important things ever created. |
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the idea that an intellectual should have a life dedicated to benefitting the state. Based on the life of the ancient Roman Cicero.
Liberal arts- things such as grammar, rhetoric, poetry, philosophy, ethics, and history written by ancient Greek and Roman writers, and read by Humanists. |
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| called the father of the Italian Renaissance humanism. He was the first to characterize the Middle Ages as "dark," and he had a feverish desire to read long lost Latin manuscripts, which led him to sack some libraries. |
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| brought to the light by Marsilio Ficino, who was influenced by the works of Plato. He thought that there was a chain of order in the universe, and that the smallest beings, plants, were bound to the middle beings, humans, who were then bound to God, the highest being. |
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| another train of thought brought out of writing translated by Ficino. These stressed the need to know about astrology, alchemy, and magic, as well as the aspect of theology and spiritual speculations. |
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| a pupil of Ficino, he wrote the book Oration on the Dignity of Man. In this book, he wrote the idea that man could do anything he set out to do, and be whatever he wanted, and have whatever he wanted. |
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| A humanist during the renaissance. He is sometimes referred to as the first historian. |
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| first to mass print a book; the Bible |
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| a Renaissance artist from Florence. He was talented in every medium, from painting to sculpting to even thinking. He is the classic Renaissance man. |
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| a sculptor from Florence, he was one of the first ones to sculpt in likeness to the ancient Romans and Greeks. |
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| from the Papal States, Rafael painted extremely lifelike paintings by using great depth perception. |
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| one of the best painters/sculptors/artists from Florence or ever. He painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling and sculpted David, two of the best known works in the world. |
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| from Florence. He was an architect and designed the dome of Florence, as well as numerous other buildings in Florence. |
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| a period of the Renaissance characterized when the three big artists, Rafael, Michelangelo, and Da Vinci, were in their prime of creating work. |
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| this part of the renaissance was featured up North, not surprisingly. Instead of trying to replicate the human form, Northern artists tried to paint their paintings with the minutest detail. Using mirrors to show behind the painter was a common practice. |
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| a northern renaissance artist, he was a master at showing detail. In his Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride, van Eyck paints a lifelike chandelier, a mirror the shows the back of his subjects, and clothes that look like you could wear them. |
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| up North, unlike down in Italy, frescos were hard to paint due to the fact that the paint took forever to dry. So many artists, like Durer, used woodcuts to do their artwork. He, being a Northern Renaissance artist, used minute detail to make his small works of art filled with complex images. |
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| a composer from Northern France, Dufay was the most influential composer of his time. He was the one who changed mass from chants to secular tunes. He also composed secular music for outside of the church. |
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| a term used to describe France, England, and Spain at the end of the 15th century. These countries had lost control, but had regained their power and became some of the most powerful nations during the renaissance. |
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| a war lasting about 100 years between the nations of France and England. Even though the war devastated France, it bounced back fairly quickly due to the sense of unity gained in having a common enemy, the English. England, on the other hand, had a civil war following the 100 years war, resulting in a step back. |
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| a parliamentary body in France. The King has to get permission from them to do most things. But after the 100 years war, King Charles VII took away most of their power, making them virtually powerless to stop the king from doing whatever he wanted. |
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| the king preceding Charles VII. He retained the taille, an annual tax on land created by Charles VII, and thereby secured a large annual income. With this money, he was able to create a strong monarchy. |
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| a civil war in England, it pitted the Duke of Lancaster vs. the Duke of York. Both Duke wanted to be king. The conflict ended when Henry Tudor defeated Richard III, duke of York, and became the next English king and established a new Tudor dynasty. |
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| one of the sides in the War of the Roses. Their symbol was a red rose. |
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| the other side in the War of the Roses. Their symbol was a white rose. |
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| (aka Henry Tudor) he was the first of the Tudor kings. He created a stronger monarchy within England and stopped the dissent of the lords by creating a council, Court of the Star Chamber, which tortured people and extracted information from them. |
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| married Isabella of Castile to create a stronger, more unified Spain. |
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| married Ferdinand of Aragon to create a stronger, more unified Spain. |
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| this was when the original inhabitants of the Iberian Peninsula (Spain) took back their land from the Muslims. |
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| implanted by the church in Spain after Isabella and Ferdinand asked that they do so. Once they were under the control of the king and queen, the inquisition cruelly made sure that Jews who had converted to Christianity were actually practicing their new religion. |
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| rulers of the Holy Roman Empire. They were not good leaders or rulers, and their success came much from their string of good marriages to people who were good at ruling and leading. |
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| this was not a real country yet, but much of present-day Austria was held by the Habsburgs in the Holy Roman Empire. |
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| quickly came into the European scene when they started to take over much of Eastern Europe. They had passed by Constantinople originally, but went back and conquered it some time later, ending the thousand year rule of the Byzantine Empire. |
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| their long rule was ended in 1453 with the fall of Constantinople to the hands of the Ottoman Turks. |
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| Michelangelo was commissioned to paint the iconic chapel. On the ceiling he did the fall of man, with his most famous part being God giving life to Adam. |
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| another piece of work done by Michelangelo, this colossal statue idealizes the beauty of the human body. |
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| this is a painting of the virgin Mary and the baby Jesus. It is a good example of depth. |
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| this is a painting by Da Vinci. It depicts Jesus and all the disciples eating the last super right after Jesus says that one of them will betray him that night. |
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| this collection of Popes is generally thought to be weaker than most due to the fact that all the famous artists of the time were painting paintings that depicted man as all powerful instead of God. These popes were also often corrupt and did things that often |
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| one of the first popes to try and defy the decrees written during the Council of Constance. |
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| he made several of his nephews cardinals and made them rich with all of the offices that he gave them. This is called nepotism. |
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| also partook in nepotism. He also told his son to take a bunch of land from the Papal States to make his own state, which many people found offensive. |
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| called the "warrior-pope" because of the way he often led troops into battles. Many people did not like this. |
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| a Medici pope. He enjoyed the good life while he was pope, gaining that office when he was only 37. |
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| led an attack on the clergy for being corrupt. He believed that the Bible should be a person's only authority in the matter of religion. |
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| Hus also thought that the church was corrupt. He lived in Prague, a city where the German clergy were already criticized for their massive land holdings, so his preaching was heard by people who were looking to get rid of the clergy. |
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| this council called Hus so that he wouldn’t be able to keep saying that the church was corrupt. Instead of a fair trial (like he was promised) Hus was then burned at the stake for heresy. |
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| the main building in the Vatican. It was built during the time of the renaissance popes and has artwork from many of the most famous names of the time. |
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| An education that covers a broad spectrum of areas. |
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