Term
| Define the Lymphatic System: |
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Definition
| A network of lymphatic vessels that begin in the tissue and end up fusing with the venus system. |
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Term
| What is the difference between lymph and plasma? |
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Definition
| lymph lacks platelets and rbcs |
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Term
| What are the organs in the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
| Thymus, spleen, Mucosa Associeated lymphatic tissue (MALT), Tonsils, appendix |
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Term
| How do lymphatic capillaries differ from circulatory capillaries? |
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Definition
| Lymphatic caps have a closed end and are larger than regular capillaries |
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Term
| Lymphatic vessels are absent in? |
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Definition
| Cornea of eye, bone marrow, brain and CNS |
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Term
| Lymph from below the diaphragm dumps into the? |
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Definition
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Term
| The thoracic duct dumps lymph into the? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lymphocytes represent what percentage of circulating WBCs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are three types of T cells? |
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Definition
| Cytotoxic, helper, suppressor |
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Term
| B cells give us ___________ mediated immunity. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Lymphopoiesis occurs in the? |
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Definition
| Bone marrow, Thymus, SEcondary lymphatic tissue |
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Term
| Lymphocytic stem cells that migrate to the thymus gland mature under the influence of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The lymphocytic stem cells that remain in the bone marrow mature into? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Once mature B&T cells have the ability to respond specifically or non-specifically? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the lifespan of T-Cells? |
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Definition
| most live longer than 4 years, some 20 years |
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Term
| What is the largest lymphatic tissue? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the largest lymphatic organ? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name two secondary lymphatic organs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the two primary lymphatic organs? |
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Definition
| Thymus gland & Red bone marrow |
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Term
| Efferent vessels flow ___________ of the organ. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of lymphatic cells are found in the cortex of the lymph nodes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of lymphatic cells are found in the medulla of the lymph nodes? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Major lymph nodes are found in what three places? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the functions of the spleen? |
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Definition
| Filters blood, Initiation of immune response, Blood Reservior |
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Term
| Is the second line defense against pathogens specific or non-specific? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of lymphocyte destroys pathogens in the peripheral and is non-specific? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system? |
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Definition
| Make, distribute, maintain lymphocytes, Maintain Blood Volume, Distribut HOrmones |
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Term
| Trace the pathway from the lower extremities back to the heart. |
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Definition
| Lymph vessels - Cisterna Chyli - Left Thoracic Duct - Left subclavian vein |
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Term
| How do lymphatic vessels differ from capillaries? |
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Definition
| Lymph vessels start with closed end, They are larger than capillaries, No basement membrane |
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Term
| Lymph from the left arm travels through which collecting duct on its way back to the heart? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Mostly water, resembles plasma, lacks platelets |
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Term
| Is the Thymus gland a primary or secondary lymphatic organ? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are functions of primary lymphatic organs different from secondary? |
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Definition
| Primary make and mature lymphocytes, secondary is where immune response occurs |
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Term
| What are the functions of tonsils? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which organ functions in both the lymphatic and endocrine systems? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the function of the spleen? |
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Definition
| Filter the blood, Initition of Immune responnse, blood reservior |
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Term
| How is the structure an function different for red and white pulp in the spleen? |
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Definition
| Red - Dominated by lymphocytes, white pulp-mainly macrophages |
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Term
|
Definition
| Amount of air inhaled and exhaled with normal breathing |
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Term
|
Definition
| Max amount of air that you can inhale and exhale |
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Term
| What is Expiratory reserve volume |
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Definition
| Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled |
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Term
|
Definition
| amount of air remaining in lungs after max expiration |
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Term
| What makes up the body's non specific defenses? |
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Definition
| Skin, Mucosa, WBC response, NK Cells |
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Term
| What makes up the body's specific defense? |
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Definition
| T and B lymphocyte response |
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Term
| Why is the complement system named for the word "complement"? |
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Definition
| For the 11 proteins that complement antibodies |
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Term
| How are cellular mediated and humoral mediated immunity different? |
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Definition
| Cellular mediated directly attack the pathogen. Humoral mediated creates "sensitized" cells that are ready to attack on next contact |
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Term
| Give one example of an autoimmune disease. |
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Definition
|
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Term
| List 4 properties of immunity? |
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Definition
| Ability to resist, fight infection & disease, activate specific defenses. |
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Term
| What is an atigen-antibody complex? |
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Definition
| A defense that makes bacteria/virus unable to bind to others through neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, and complement activation |
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Term
| List the 4 functions of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Supply tissue with Oxygen, Get rid of CO2, Protect the body from pathogens, pH regulation |
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Term
| What is the primary function of the respiratory system? |
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Definition
| Supply the tissue with Oxygen |
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Term
| Which salivary gland produces the most saliva? |
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Definition
| Submandibular Glands (70%) |
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Term
| What passes through the laryngopharynx? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What connects the larynx to the trachea? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What type of cells line the Trachea? |
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Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
| What is the site of gas exchange in the body? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many alveoli are in the lungs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Why does oxygen disolve into the blood in the lung? |
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Definition
| Osmotic pressure is greater than blood pressure |
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Term
| What scientific law explains the mechanics of pulmonary ventilation? |
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Definition
| Boyles law (increased lung volume = decreased intrapulmonary pressure |
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Term
| What is needed to decrease surface tension in teh alveoli? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Total atmospheric pressure = sum of partial pressure of gasses in the air, this is ____________ law. |
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Definition
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Term
| What law describes the relationship between the amount of gas in a solution and the partial pressure of that gas? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Systemic gas echange occures because of? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How is 90% of CO2 transported in the blood? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Does the respiratory system have an internal control mechanism? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What part of the medulla is active durring inspiration and quiet expiration? |
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Definition
| Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) |
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Term
| The Pneumotaxic center in the Pons regulates? |
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Definition
| The shift from inspiration to expiration |
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Term
| Where are the respiratory pheripheral chemical receptors? |
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Definition
| Aortic and Carotid bodies on the Medulla |
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|
Term
| A rise of 10% of CO2 levels will do what to the respiratory rate? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| REstrictive disorders of the lung result in? |
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Definition
| Lower lung compliance (stretch) |
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Term
| Obstructive lung diseases result in? |
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Definition
| Narrowing or blocking of the airway. |
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Term
| What are the functions of the digestive system? |
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Definition
| Ingestion, mechanical process, Digestion, Secretion, Absorbtion, Defication. |
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Term
| What are the digestive accessory organs? |
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Definition
| Gallbladder, liver, pancreas, teeth, tongue |
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Term
| The cavity within the abdomen that contains digestive organs is? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What three organs are in the retro peritoneum? |
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Definition
| Duodenum, Pancreas, Most of the large intestine |
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Term
| What are the four layers of the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis externa, SErosa |
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Term
| Where in the digestive tract is the Serosa layer thick? |
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Definition
| esophagus, oral cavity, pharynx, rectum |
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Term
| What movement process of the digestive system occurs in the small intestine? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Name the path of digestion (8) |
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Definition
| Mouth, pharynx, esphagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus |
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Term
| What is the pH of saliva? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three salvary glands? |
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Definition
| Paratid, submandibular, sublingual |
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Term
| What does the salvary glands produce to break down starch? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are four funtions of saliva? |
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Definition
| Moisten mouth, break down starch, inhibit bacteria growth |
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|
Term
| What is partial pressure? |
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Definition
| The pressure admitted by a gas aginst its environment |
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Term
|
Definition
| An increase in volume is proportional to a decrease in pressure |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The amount of gas in a solution is directly proportional to the partial pressure that gas |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Total atmospheric pressure = sum of partial pressure of that gas |
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|
Term
| How can pH effect respiration? |
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Definition
| Decrease in pH causes increase increased respirations |
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|
Term
| Oxyhemoglobin disassociation curve shows what? |
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Definition
| O2 binds to hemoglobin rapidly until saturation of Hg |
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Term
| List four functions of the digestive system. |
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Definition
| Ingestion, Mechanical processing, digestion, secretion, absorbtion, defecation |
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|
Term
| List the four layers of the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa (adventitia) |
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Term
| How does the mucosa layers of the gi tract differ in the stomach vs esophagus. |
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Definition
| It is thicker in the esophagus. |
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Term
| What types of tissue are the layers of the gi tract made of? |
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Definition
| Mucosa:epithelium, smooth layer Submucosa: Thick dense irregular con. tissue, Muscular externa: smoth muscle, Serosa: aerolar layer |
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|
Term
| What does the greater omentum cover? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the lesseer omentum cover? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the mesintary proper? |
|
Definition
| SMall itestine to the visera |
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|
Term
| What specific nervous system only functions to regulate the GI tract? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does segmentation occur? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does the name of food stuff change as it travels down the GI tract? |
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Definition
| Bolus in mouth, Chyme in stomach, eventually feces |
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Term
| What are the functions of the phaynx and the esophagus? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure, deep within the stomach, secretes mucus? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What substance helps to absorb B12? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What substance digests protiens? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the three phases of gastric function? |
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Definition
| Cephalic, GAstric, Intestinal |
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Term
| What happens in the Cephalic gastric function? |
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Definition
| Enteric nervous system is activated |
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Term
| What happens in the gastric phase? |
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Definition
| Swallowing activates gastric activity |
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Term
| What is bile and what does it do? |
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Definition
| Water, cholesterol, bile salts, it assists in lipid digestion |
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Term
| List three functions of the liver? |
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Definition
| Metabolic regulation, hematological regulation, bile production |
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Term
| What two ducts merge together before entering the duodenum? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general structure of the liver? |
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Definition
| 4 lobes - right, left, quadrate and caudate |
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Term
| Most of digestion and nutrient abosrbtion occurs in the? |
|
Definition
| Jejunum (small intestine) |
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Term
| What type of cells and glands are found in the walls of the small intestine? |
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Definition
| Goblet cells and intstinal glands. |
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Term
| How does the structure of the small intestine differ from the structure of the large intestine? |
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Definition
| No circular folds, Intestinal crypts only produce mucus |
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Term
| List three functions of the Large intstine? |
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Definition
| Absorbs water, absorbs vitamins, produces feces |
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|
Term
| Carbohydrates are digested where? |
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Definition
| Mouth to the Small intestine |
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|
Term
| Proteins are digested where? |
|
Definition
| Stomach to the small intestine |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| SMall intestine, by micelles |
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|
Term
| How are vitamins absorbed? |
|
Definition
| A, D, E, K with other lipids, B complex and C - simple diffusion, B12 bound to intrinsic factor |
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