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Put end to a war between the frontiersmen known as the Western Confederacy, and the Native Americans.
Took place in Greenville, Ohio.
Name of the War was the Northwest Indian War; the final battle was the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
The Wyandot, Delaware, Shawnee, Ottawa, Chippewa, Potawatomi, Miami, Wea, Kickapoo, and Kaskaskia tribes took part in treaty.
Treaty stated that a line would separate the white country from the Native's land.
Natives gave much of Ohio to the settlers in exchange for $20,000 worth of goods in utensils, blankets, and domestic animals.
Cause: Washington sent war hero Anthoney Wayne to lead the forces against Native Americans who kept attacking soldiers at the Battle of Fallen Timbers.
Effect: Battle broke Native American hold on Northwest. In 1795 the Treaty of Greenville made Native Americans give up most of their land. |
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America paid 15 million dollars to France to buy 828,800 square miles of land.
All or part of 14 US states and 2 Canadian Provinces were included in the land purchased.
The price leveled out to being just 3 cents per acre.
Doubled the size of America.
Was one of Jefferson's greatest accomplishments, but was thought to be unconstitutional at the time.
Jefferson originally just wanted to buy New Orleans because it was a major port.
Louisiana Purchase Treaty was signed on April 30, 1803.
On March 10, 1804, a formal ceremony was held in St. Louis to transfer all land to America.
Cause: a revolution Toussaint L'ouverture in France had them in financial problem without Haiti. Had a hard time to defend Louisiana.
Effect: Napolean needed money to support war effort so he offered Louisiana and New Orleans and we agreed to Monroe and Livingston for $15 million. |
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Leader of the Shawnee, during Tecumseh's War and the War of 1812.
Had a brother named Tenskwatawa, that was a religious leader in his tribe that thought that they should return to their traditional ways of doing everything.
While Tecumseh went to southern US to get support from other tribes, his brother was defeated in the Battle of Tippecanoe.
Tecumseh allied with the British in Canada against the Americans and helped to capture Fort Detroit.
Was killed in the Battle of the Thames by the Americans that led a counter assault against Cananda.
Is remembered in Canada today as a National Hero, because he helped protect it from Americans.
Cause: settlers and pioneers were moving west and pushing Native Americans out of land.
Effect: Tecumseh urged to resist then protested to restore Indian lands. |
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Was a doctrine made by James Monroe that was published on December 2, 1823.
Stated that any act of European countries to further colonize or interfere with the states in North or South America was an act of war.
Helped many Latin American Countries gain independence from the Spanish Empire.
Put forward that New World Countries and Old World Countries were in separate countries and could remain independent from each other.
Simon Bolivar, Venezuela's military and political leader received news of the doctrine with much gratitude to America, but did not think that it would change anything.
Cause: European Nations indicated that they might help Spain regain colonies.
Effect: Britain asked for joint statement. Monroe acted alone and wrote letter called Monroe Doctrine saying European countries will not interfere with Latin America. |
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| Indian Removal Act of 1830 |
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Was part of a policy known as Indian Removal and was signed in to law by President Andrew Jackson in 1830.
Was strongly supported in the South, especially Georgia.
Indian removal was supposedly voluntary, and many tribe leaders did not agree, until Andrew Jackson was re-elected in 1832.
Paved the way for the reluctant and often forced emigration of tens of thousands of Natives further West.
Choctaw and Cherokee left on "the trail of tears and death"
The seminoles didn't leave peacefully and 3,000 were killed. (Seminole War lasted from 1835 to 1842)
Supreme Court ruled that Native Americans could occupy lands in the US but could not hold title to the lands.
Cause: Everyone was moving west pushing Native Americans out and using force.
Effect: Judge John Marshall made Indian Removal Act and gave authority to move Native Americans to west for land in East. |
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Took place in the 18th and 19th century in Europe and America.
When many machines began to replace the need for skilled workers.
Machines were first powered by water, like in rivers, and then steam once the steam engine was invented.
Brought workers and machines together in a process called the factory system.
Interchangeable Parts were invented and unskilled workers could put the exact same things together in less time.
Made huge economic growth in American and throughout Europe.
Many jobs were created, but immigrants were not paid well, and child labor became the norm. (until unions were formed and reform was passed).
Biggest innovations were made in the textile industry (spinning jenny), steam power (could power factories), and iron making (was faster and cheaper).
Mining became a needed profession for excavating coal to power steam engines.
Pollution became a big problem, from dumping wastes to smoke in the air from burning coal.
Cause: weaving was big bussiness and after Slater's Mill's success the industrial revolution began.
Effect: machines took place of hand tools, everyone invented new things. Most basic machines were created then. |
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The idea of using steam as mechanical power has always been around, but was not perfected until the industrial revolutional.
Is considered an external combustion engine.
Works by burning something such as wood or coal to heat water, which turns in to steam that causes a turbine to spin and create mechanical energy.
First successful engine was invented in 1712 by Thomas Newcomen, but was completely inefficient.
James Watts made the steam engine able to run off of 75% less coal, so it was much cheaper to use.
The engines that Watts and Newcomen made were "atmospheric" meaning they were powered by vacuum created condensing steam.
Around 1800, Richard Trevithick introduced a high-pressure steam engine that was much smaller, and it became very popular.
Cause: Building buildings on riverbanks caused no power when dry and far away from civilization.
Effect: Arkwright built 1st successful steam-powered engine that was a reliable source of power and could be built anywhere. |
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Factories needed many workers, and many people would compete for the jobs, so factories learned that they didn't need to pay workers that much.
Men, women, and children were recruited to do jobs in factories.
Conditions were awful, pay was very low, and hours were very long, which resulted in the deaths of many people.
Diseases were easily spread in such cramped quarters, and there was not an availability of antibiotics such as penicillin.
Starvation was not uncommon in the lives of many factory workers' families.
Since child labor was not yet outlawed, factory owners sometimes just took children from orphanages and they were considered the property of the factory owner.
Cause: As the industry became bigger they needed more workers to assemble and work.
Effect: Factory life was terrigying, poor lighting, small pay, child labor. it was very unsafe. |
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Consisted of people selling their country houses and farms etc. to move to cities where they could live for cheaper and get jobs at factories.
Problem: Lots of people were migrating to the cities, so housing was needed.
Too many people were living in too small places, so disease was spread easily.
Many people contracted and spread, and died of Tuberculosis because they all lived and worked so close.
Cause: Cities grew larger, population increased, a lot more busy, industrial revolution
Effect: Cities grew huge and attracted more people for jobs. |
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People from all over the world heard about how America had jobs to offer and came flooding in.
Countries in poverty, Ireland, had the most immigrants that came to America
Over 400,000 people came to America by crossing the Atlantic Ocean, which was a dangerous and long journey
The people that already lived in America prior to the immigration rush, mostly did not like the immigrants because they would work for cheap, making the average salary go down.
The peak of European Immigration was in 1907, when 1,285,349 people entered the country.
People from all over the world came to America to have our way of life, including Asians, Europeans, Africans, etc.
Cause: USA became more and more advanced. Job oppurtunities and very easy to live here.
Effect: people who wanted more oppurtunities in other nations traveled here to look americans worried about the things they would bring. |
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Jethro Tull invented the seed drill which evenly distributed seeds throughout the ground.
Joseph Foljambe invented the Rotherham plough that was the first successful commercial plough.
Andrew Meikle invented the threshing machine in 1784.
When machines began to replace workers, and farmers couldn't keep up with other farmer's businesses, people began to riot.
In the south, cotton plantations that didn't begin to use the cotton gin, had to keep up with their competitors somehow, so they often used slave labor.
Made prices of cotton, and produce like corn and wheat much cheaper, and helped to improve the economy of the farmers and plantation owners.
Cause: the population was growing and needed to start doing things faster (industrial revolution)
Effect: harnessed animals to pull ploughs, yokes on oxen reaper invented by McCormick, threshers for harvesting grains. |
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Social Reform-- is making small changes to society over a long period of time, as opposed to quick, drastic changes.
Womens Rights-- working to get equal rights for American women.
-Founded by Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
-Organized the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848
-Published the Declaration of Sentiments
-Lucy Mott helped by speaking in 1847
-Susan B. Anthony joined in 1851 and worked for suffrage
American Labor Movement-- working to end harsh conditions and to get the 8 hour work-day
-The Knights of Labor worked in 1869 to form unions.
-American Federation of Labor, Industrial Workers of the World, and the Congress of Industrial Organizations were formed
-Known today as the AFL-CIO
Abolition Movement-- working to end slavery in America
-William Lloyd Garrison and Frederick Douglass were very important.
-Harriet Tubman- worked on the Underground Railroad to free slaves
-Abraham Lincoln- president that made the Emancipation Proclamation
-Civil War- the war that ended slavery that was between the Union army in the North and the Confederate Army in the South.
Know-Nothing Movement-- aka nativism, stated that the immigrants should not be in America
Cause: The Age of Jackson was the time to expand to make changes to the way of living people became interested in reforming.
Effect: political systems became better, religious ways were changed (2nd Great Awakening), Utopian Communities emerged, Temperence Movement (alchohol abuse), Prison Reform, better education and slave rates decreasing |
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Term given to the transitional zone between civilization and the wilderness.
Was pushed from the Appalachian mountains to beyond that after the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1783.
Thousands of settlers, like Daniel Boone already lived as far west as Tennessee and Kentucky.
After acquiring the Lousiana Purchase, Oregon Country, and Texas, settlers felt the need to move West.
-Land was cheap
-Freedom of Religion
-"Elbow Room"
Homestead Act of 1862, worked together with railroad grants to get people to move West
The Western Frontier ended up being as far as physically possible for the US... the Pacific Ocean
Helped lead to ideas such as Manifest Destiny
Cause: The nation grew and land between Appalachians and Mississippi River called Western frontier. Remote land, not very populated.
Effect: became very rural, tough hard living like Mountain Men in that area. |
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American Pioneers were the people that went West on routes such as The Oregon Trail and Santa Fe Trail.
Daniel Boone was an example and hero to many.
The Homestead Act helped to legalize the pioneer process of getting land.
Many people traveled in wagon trains with lots of other people.
The pioneers had to clear entire forests, and they made the Great Plains the "Bread Basket".
Some people went to get land, others to get rich, and others for religious reasons.
Cause: people believed expanding would help America grow
Effect: 5 types-immigrant, exaduster, sodbusters, miners, and ranchers were first people to settle in the west. |
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Was a term first coined by John L. O'Sullivan in the 1845 in the August/September issue of the United States Magazine and Democratic Review
Henry Clay, John. C Calhoun, and Abraham Lincoln all opposed the thought, saying that economic expansion was more important than land expansion.
Was the term stating that American should reach from "sea to shining sea".
Also was the belief in the American mission to promote democracy throughout the world.
AKA the Anglo-Saxon Race.
Cause: people became interested in westward expansion and Jefferson and public agreed that they needed more room for growing population.
Effect: Soon called Manifest Destiney, everyone believed America was meant to extend. |
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Were North American trappers and fur traders that lived from 1810 to the 1880's.
Key figures were:
Lewis and Clark
Zebulon Pike
Jim Bridger
John-Jacob Astor
William Sublette
Would meet at rendezvous to trade and sell their wares.
The finding of gold in California by Mountain Men would lead to the Gold Rush of 1849. ('49ers)
Cause: Fur trading became more popular when Astor started to trade
Effect: Mountain Men soon were trading and lurked in the wild and lived a hardy life. |
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Were trails that Pioneers took to the Western parts of America
Santa Fe Trail
-Connected Missouri to Santa Fe, New Mexico
-Paved the way for where railroads would go
-Was founded by William Becknell in 1822
-Was useful in invading Mexico during the Mexican-American War
Oregon Trail
-Connected Missouri to the Pacific Northwest
-Was established in the 1830's by Mountain Men for Fur Trade
-Became publicized by 1843
-Was over 2,000 miles long and was a very harsh journey
Cause: Western expansion became huge almost everyone moved west.
Effect: Santa Fe Trail, Fur Trade, Oregon Trail all emerged from Western expansion |
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Cause: people were attracted to the West because of cheap land and wealth from mining
Effect: The west was growing although not everyone got wealthy. Many immigrants added to diversity. women became more equal. |
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Cause: people wanted to grow wealthy and lots of land was available in the west
Effect: If someone wanted land, they write a letter to governor and buy the land. |
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Cause: TExas was a part of Mexico and USA wanted it
Effect: He persuaded Mexican government to give Texas up, also fought for Texas, kept peace and eventually from hard work got Texas |
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Cause: USA wanted independence for Texas
Effect: fought to get free and get it for USA. He was the first president of Texas |
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Cause: lots of peo[ple were against annex
Effect: we gained Texas and Oregon with the help of James K. Polk and we gained all of the Oregan that was disupted with Britain |
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Cause: Texas parted from Mexico
Effect: Became part of USA and there was no war. Texas brought agricultural benefits. |
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Cause: gold was discovered and everyone treasured it and wanted some.
Effect: 80,000 pioneers moved to California to find the gold in 1848 |
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Cause: needed to set rules for water
Effect: land adjacent to rivers, lakes, or oceans, anyone who owns property or has owned it before may use the water. |
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Cause: many people saw the many oppurtunities in our new nation and moved also looking for gold.
Effect: many races moved to California like Mexicans, Americans, Chinese, and Europeans. Almost 40% of people in California were of foreign born. |
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Cause: as mining grew larger, the mining towns needed to have law enforcers to keep safe.
Effect: Vigilantes were hired and they caught bad people. They were like an unorganized police. |
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Cause: Gold was found in USA and everyone was rushing to find it
Effect: Gold was here but underground and hard to get until miners got it. |
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Cause: the gold rushes in different areas grew larger
Effect: People lived in a place and everyone would come there and it "booms" but then everyone leaves after the gold runs out. the town then becomes a ghost town |
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Cause: found while moving west
Effect: vast prairie from Alberta, Canada all the way to Texas. |
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Cause: Polk knew Mexican government needed cash so he asked for border of Rio Grande and California and New Mexico
Effect: Mexico outraged. Hoping to provoke Mexican attack, he sent General Taylor to disputed land south of Nueces, Mexico. Seen as an act of war. USA won the war. |
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Cause: he was a Mormon leader. Saw that Nauvoo, Illinois was not safe
Effect: led many Mormons through a hard journey to Utah where it was a little safer. |
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