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EPIC TERM
Written by Callimachus in 3rd century B.C.
Inspired many later Greek and Latin poets. |
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EPIC TERM
(word agony comes from this)
the contest/striving
Battle and games contain the epitome of the agón but the principle of striving permeates every sector of life. Life is one grand contest to them. Opponent is your equal, your peer. They have respect for them.
(e.g. The Trojans do not represent everything bad to the Greeks, they represent everything good to the Greeks.) |
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EPIC TERM
King underneath the Wanax. (e.g. Wanax = Agamemnon, Basileus = Achilles) |
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EPIC TERM
Iliad uses this form, as well as other epic poetry
hexameter line is six feet long
dactyl (Greek - “finger”) - a foot of p poetry compposed of one long syllable followed by two short syllables.
Therefore, a dactylic hexameter line is six dactyls long.
Greek and Latin poetry is more concerned with how long the syllable is, rather than the stress on the syllable like we are.
__,,__,,__,,__,,__,,__X |
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EPIC TERM
a detailed description of a work of art in literature. (e.g. when Hephaestus makes a new set of armor for Achilles - 200 lines describing depictions on shield.) |
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EPIC TERM
long, extended similes
Often similes go on and on in Greek Epics. |
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EPIC TERM
Geras = prize. Geras was awarded to you by your peers for being exceptionally brave in battle. |
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EPIC TERM
"in the midst of things." Doesn't begin in the logical beginning of the narrative. |
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EPIC TERM
glory, fame. What other people say about you. Common translation of kleos is glory, but probably a better word is fame. “Shame culture” - They find their value from external sources. No internal motivation, no guilt of conscience. You might be guilty, but it’s an external guilt, you committed something that makes you unclean. You are externally motivated, it is important to gather material positions, glory, fame through prowess in battle, and (peace time equivalent of war) sports/games, cunning/wisdom - prowess in rhetoric. You leave your fame and your posterity behind you. |
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EPIC TERM
Greek word that means longing/nostalgia. The pain of longing. |
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EPIC TERM
helped with meter generally. Vast majority of epithets don’t seem to be contextual - like “Swift-footed Achilles” while he’s sitting at a campsite. Just something that’s commonly known about the character. |
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EPIC TERM
A name derived from the name of a father or ancestor |
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EPIC TERM
Rise of the gods - who came from who, etc. |
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EPIC TERM
Humble plea to those in authority
Keep in mind
supplicants: wrapping arms around the legs and grab their beard, or grabbing their hands - you’ve got their attention and they’re not going anywhere and you are completely vulnerable to attack. You are in a trusting position and you are forcing the person you are supplicating to listen. |
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EPIC TERM
Timé = honor. Timé is the physical manifestations of your honors. If you have a lot of wealth, underlings who follow you, you have a lot of honor. No external obligation except that you are a great leader. |
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EPIC TERM
(e.g. Wanax = Agamemnon, Basileus = Achilles) |
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EPIC TERM
host and guest bond |
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TRAGEDY TERM
ananke - “necessity”
three words for fate in Greek world: ananke (partially refers to common lot of all human beings - the yolk we are all forced to carry like sleep and hunger no matter who you are where you were born, your wealth. Then the other half refers to the fate that you seal on yourself through your own actions and because of your character. “Character is destiny” - common Greek expression.) You know your character, you know your fate. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
a Greek word for "ruin, folly, delusion", is the action performed by the hero, usually because of hubris, that leads to his or her death or downfall. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
an honorary title for a wealthy Athenian citizen who assumed the public duty of financing and paying the expenses of the preparation of the chorus and other aspects of dramatic production that were not covered by the state.[1] The prizes for drama at the Athenian festival competitions were awarded jointly to the playwright and the chorêgos. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
“Greater Dionysia” religious festival in honor of Dionysus. Every springtime (often done in smaller groups around the year) in order to ensure fertility for the season they would throw a big festival in honor of Dionysus. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
“God out of the machine” - they would use a crane, a “mechane,” to lift a god into the sky and fix everything. Modern audiences saw it as a cheat. It wasn’t used very often, so maybe the Greeks didn’t like it much either. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
hymns performed in honor of Dionysus before that. Involved myths before his birth. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
the audience knows the fate of the characters beforehand - e.g. Hector and Andromache discussing their future is tragic because we know their fate. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
a wheeled platform rolled out through a skênê in ancient Greek theatre. It was used to bring interior scenes out into the sight of the audience.[1] Some ancient sources suggest that it may have been revolved or turned. It is mainly used in tragedies for revealing dead bodies. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
a stage actor, hence one who pretends to be what he is not |
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TRAGEDY TERM
they would use a crane, a “mechane,” to lift a god into the sky and fix everything. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
(most common word for fate - refers to one’s portion or lot in life, circumstances given out of control, also your specific moment when you are going to die) |
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TRAGEDY TERM
The orchestra (literally, "dancing space") was normally circular. It was a level space where the chorus would dance, sing, and interact with the actors who were on the stage near the skene. The earliest orchestras were simply made of hard earth, but in the Classical period some orchestras began to be paved with marble and other materials. In the center of the orchestra there was often a thymele, or altar. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
a term used in Ancient Greek comedy and tragedy. A parodos is both the first entrance of the chorus into the orchestra and the choral ode that they sing and dance as they enter (which is usually the first choral song of the drama). The parados usually follows the play's prologue. The term parodos is also used to describe the two entrances that flank either side of the skene stage-building, along which the chorus enter. These entrances are more commonly called eisodoi. |
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TRAGEDY TERM
a technique in verse drama in which single alternating lines, or half-lines, are given to alternating characters. It typically features repetition and antithesis. Etymologically it derives from the Greek stikhos ("row, line of verse") + muthos ("speech, talk"). |
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TRAGEDY TERM
Strophe - antistrophe - (like strafing - moving from side to side) - winding chorus as they sang their parts |
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TRAGEDY TERM
= fate (chance, fortune, randomness of universe, chaos) |
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PHILOSOPHY TERM
Greek word for truth. “lethe” - river of the underworld that you drink from that gives you forgetfulness. The word for truth means to “unforget” something, also uncovering/discovering something. Plato is tapping into this sense of the word. |
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PHILOSOPHY TERM
describing his theory of mimesis. Read more on notes. |
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PHILOSOPHY TERM
"argument of disproof or refutation; cross-examining, testing, scrutiny esp. for purposes of refutation"[3]) is the central technique of the Socratic method. |
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PHILOSOPHY TERM
Pre-socratic
Single element of the universe from which all other things arise. Some primary substance that gives birth to all other things. Has some modern analogues. |
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PHILOSOPHY TERM
Plato's theory of Forms or theory of Ideas[1][2][3] asserts that non-material abstract (but substantial) forms (or ideas), and not the material world of change known to us through sensation, possess the highest and most fundamental kind of reality. |
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PHILOSOPHY TERM
Origin of the universe? How did it come to be?
The problem of “The one and the many” |
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PHILOSOPHY TERM
Negative connotation now - skill in rhetoric and language to manipulate and persuade/deceive. "To make the weaker cause the stronger” - playing the devil’s advocate. Taking an argument that is weak and making it seem to be strong or right. |
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PEOPLE
a name used by Homer in the Iliad for Mycenaean-era Greeks in general |
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PEOPLE
Agamemnon's cousin - had an affair with Clytemnestra - would have been considered incestuous. |
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the daughter of Cadmus, the king and founder of the city of Thebes, Greece, and of the goddess Harmonia. the mother of Pentheus, a king of Thebes. She also had a daughter, Epirus. She was a Maenad, a follower of Dionysus (also known as Bacchus in Roman mythology).
Also the name of one of the sea nymphs. |
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PEOPLE
he second mightiest Achaean warrior after Achilles. His extraordinary size and strength help him to wound Hector twice by hitting him with boulders. |
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PEOPLE
Goddess of love and beauty. Backs the Trojans. |
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PEOPLE
God of the sun and archery. Backs the Trojans. |
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PEOPLE
was the daughter of King Minos of Crete. She aided Theseus in overcoming the Minotaur and was the bride of the god Dionysus. |
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PEOPLE
Homer calls the Greeks this sometimes. Other names = Ikkians, Danaians |
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PEOPLE
No winds for Agamemnon because Artemis is angry with Zeus - has to sacrifice Iphigenia. |
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PEOPLE
the son of Hector, Crown Prince of Troy and Princess Andromache of Cilician Thebe. His birth name was Scamandrius, but the people of Troy nicknamed him Astyanax (i.e. high king, or overlord, of the city), because he was the son of the city's great defender (Iliad VI, 403) and the heir apparent's firstborn son. |
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PEOPLE
Goddess of heroes, wisdom. |
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PEOPLE
was a king of Mycenae, the son of Pelops and Hippodamia, and the father of Agamemnon and Menelaus. Atreus and his twin brother Thyestes were exiled by their father for murdering their half-brother Chrysippus in their desire for the throne of Olympia. They took refuge in Mycenae, where they ascended to the throne in the absence of King Eurystheus, who was fighting the Heracleidae. Eurystheus had meant for their stewardship to be temporary, but it became permanent after his death in battle. |
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PEOPLE
Briseis - a war prize that is taken from Achilles. |
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PEOPLE
son of Thestor, was an Argive seer, with a gift for interpreting the flight of birds that he received of Apollo: "as an augur, Calchas had no rival in the camp".[1] He also interprets the entrails of the enemy during the tide of battle.[2]
It was Calchas who prophesied that in order to gain a favourable wind to deploy the Greek ships mustered in Aulis on their way to Troy, Agamemnon would need to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigeneia, to appease Artemis, whom Agamemnon had offended; the episode was related at length in the lost Cypria, of the Epic Cycle. He also states that Troy will be sacked on the tenth year of the war. |
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PEOPLE
daughter of Priam, princess of Troy. She is blessed with gift of prophecy but cursed that no one will ever believe her (Don’t bring in the horse - it’s a trap.) Agamemnon brings her home. |
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PEOPLE
Agamemnon's original war prize - forced to give her back (An oracle of Apollo then sends a plague sweeping through the Greek armies, and Agamemnon is forced to give Chryseis back in order to end it, so Agamemnon sends Odysseus to return Chryseis to her father.), so seized Briseis instead. |
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PEOPLE
Chryseis's father. a priest of Apollo at Chryse, near the city of Troy. Agamemnon refused to ransom her, prayed to Apollo and he listened... (see Chryseis) |
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PEOPLE
Agamemnon's wife. Murders him in the play "Agamemnon" when he comes back. |
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PEOPLE
Constructs wax wings (don't fly too close to the sun) and the labyrinth on Crete with the minotaur. |
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PEOPLE
The Achaeans (Greek: Ἀχαιοί, Akhaioí) is one of the collective names used for the Greeks in Homer's Iliad (used 598 times) and Odyssey. The other names are the Danaans (Δαναοί, used 138 times in the Iliad) and Argives (Ἀργεῖοι, used 29 times in the Iliad). In the historical period, the Achaeans were the inhabitants of the region of Achaea, a region in the north central part of the Peloponnese. The city states of this region later formed a confederation known as the Achaean League which was influential during the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. |
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PEOPLE
ssociated with wine, fertility, represented progenitive principle of the universe - things that are wild and uncultivated. The god of Liminal abandonment - liminal - threshold, transition. |
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PEOPLE
a god in Sumerian mythology, later known as Ea in Akkadian and Babylonian mythology. In the Deluge tablet of the Epic of Gilgamesh, Enki is the god who informs Utnapishtim of the coming flood. Enki was the source of the world's multiplicity of languages: |
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PEOPLE
Opposite of Gilgamesh. I know who he is. |
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PEOPLE
(compared to Zeus) Son of father god - not very well liked. Rules with an iron fist |
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PEOPLE
The furies - vengeance goddesses - if you broke some natural or cosmic law you might have them hounding you. But there were also personal Furies - In Libation Bearers - Orestes kills his father and in the last play the Furies are hounding Orestes and chasing him across the Greek world. |
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PEOPLE
God of the underworld. |
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PEOPLE
Son of Priam - great warrior, ran away sometimes. A lot like Achilles, but shown as a family-oriented man who didn't want war. |
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PEOPLE
Menelaus's wife. Launched a thousand ships, blah blah blah. |
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PEOPLE
god of blacksmithing. Married to Aphrodite. Constructed Achilles' armor. |
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PEOPLE
Goddess of hearth and home. wife of Zeus. Sides with Achaeans. |
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PEOPLE
Monster that Gilgamesh and Enkidu go fight. Owns Cedar door. |
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PEOPLE
Husband of Helen, brother of Agamemnon. Basileus? Under Wanax. |
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PEOPLE
Minoan kingdom conquered Athens and ordered 7 young men and 7 young women to be brought to the palace and there was a Labyrinth where the minotaur was at the center (minotaur is the result of an impious act of Minos - used heavenly cow to mate with his cows instead of sacrificing to Poseidon - Poseidon curses Minos’s wife to have an unnatural lust for that bull - the minotaur was born from this unnatural union.) and the youth were sacrificed to it. Clue of yarn. |
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PEOPLE
Invocation to the muse (goddess of music, muses are daughters of Zeus and goddess “Memory”) - why? The poet is the vessel through which the muse speaks her poetry. Poetry was musical, and this was all memorized - so goddess of music, and daughter of memory. perfect. ;) |
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King of Pylos and the oldest Achaean commander. Although age has taken much of Nestor’s physical strength, it has left him with great wisdom. He often acts as an advisor to the military commanders, especially Agamemnon. Nestor and Odysseus are the Achaeans’ most deft and persuasive orators, although Nestor’s speeches are sometimes long-winded. |
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PEOPLE
Ninsun or Ninsuna ("lady wild cow") is a goddess, best known as the mother of the legendary hero Gilgamesh |
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PEOPLE
A fine warrior and the cleverest of the Achaean commanders. Along with Nestor, Odysseus is one of the Achaeans’ two best public speakers. He helps mediate between Agamemnon and Achilles during their quarrel and often prevents them from making rash decisions. |
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Orestes returns to Argos and kills his mother Clytemnestra. Orestes was sent by Apollo - oracle from Delphi. Orestes was a member of the doomed house of Atreus which is descended from Tantalus and Niobe. Orestes was absent from Mycenae when his father, Agamemnon, returned from the Trojan War with the Trojan princess Cassandra as his concubine, and thus not present for Agamemnon's murder by his wife, Clytemnestra, in retribution for his sacrifice of their daughter Iphigenia to obtain favorable winds during the Greek voyage to Troy. Seven years later, Orestes returned from Athens and with his sister Electra avenged his father's death by slaying his mother and her lover Aegisthus. |
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A son of Priam and Hecuba and brother of Hector. Paris’s abduction of the beautiful Helen, wife of Menelaus, sparked the Trojan War. Paris is self-centered and often unmanly. He fights effectively with a bow and arrow (never with the more manly sword or spear) but often lacks the spirit for battle and prefers to sit in his room making love to Helen while others fight for him, thus earning both Hector’s and Helen’s scorn. |
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PEOPLE
In Greek mythology, Pasiphaë (English /pəˈsɪfɨ.iː/[1]; Greek: Πασιφάη Pasipháē), "wide-shining"[2] was the daughter of Helios, the Sun, by the eldest[3] of the Oceanids, Perse;[4] Like her doublet Europa, her origins were in the East, in her case at Colchis, the palace of the Sun; she was given in marriage to King Minos of Crete. With Minos, she was the mother of Ariadne and THE MINOTAUR. |
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PEOPLE
was king of Pisa in the Peloponnesus. He was the founder of the House of Atreus through his son of that name.
He was venerated at Olympia, where his cult developed into the founding myth of the Olympic Games, |
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PEOPLE
Pentheus was a king of Thebes, son of the strongest of the Spartes, Echion, and of Agave, daughter of Cadmus, the founder of Thebes, and the goddess Harmonia.
Much of what is known about the character comes from Euripides' tragic play, The Bacchae. Pentheus soon banned the worship of the god Dionysus, who was the son of his aunt Semele, and did not allow the women of Cadmeia to join in his rites.
An angered Dionysus caused Pentheus' mother Agave and his aunts, Ino and Autonoë, along with all the other women of Thebes, to rush to Mount Cithaeron in a Bacchic frenzy. Because of this, Pentheus imprisoned Dionysus, but his chains fell off and the jail doors opened for him.
Dionysus then lured Pentheus out to spy on the Bacchic rites. The daughters of Cadmus saw him in a tree and thought him to be a wild animal. Pentheus was pulled down and torn limb from limb by them (as part of a ritual known as the sparagmos), causing them to be exiled from Thebes. Some say that his own mother tore his head. |
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King of Troy and husband of Hecuba, Priam is the father of fifty Trojan warriors, including Hector and Paris. Though too old to fight, he has earned the respect of both the Trojans and the Achaeans by virtue of his level-headed, wise, and benevolent rule. He treats Helen kindly, though he laments the war that her beauty has sparked. |
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daughter of the Boeotian hero Cadmus and Harmonia, was the mortal mother[1] of Dionysus by Zeus in one of his many origin myths. Zeus impregnated a girl (Semele), Hera gets angry and tells the girl if he really loves you ask him to appear to her in all his glory like you do with Hera - She is reduced to a pile of ashes, but Zeus took the baby from the ashes and put him in his thigh and he finished gestating there and was born Dionysus. |
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PEOPLE
EoG. Sun god, protector god, patron god of heroes. Encourages attack of Humbaba |
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PEOPLE
Siduri - tavern keeper - If you are Gilgamesh why are you so down? If you’re so great, why do you look so horrible?
He goes on about how depressed he is - her response - look, you can’t do anything about it - you cannot live forever - the gods withhold immortality - so celebrate life! take a bath, play, dance, enjoy a wife, be proud of your children. |
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PEOPLE
Tantalus, through Pelops, was the founder of the House of Atreus. The Greeks of classical times claimed to be horrified by Tantalus's doings; cannibalism, human sacrifice and infanticide were atrocities and taboo.
Most famously, Tantalus offered up his son, Pelops, as sacrifice. He cut Pelops up, boiled him, and served him up in a banquet for the gods. The gods became aware of the gruesome nature of the menu, so they didn't touch the offering; Other Tantalus: This Tantalus was the first husband of Clytemnestra. He was slain by Agamemnon, King of Mycenae, who made Clytemnestra his wife. The third Tantalus was a son of Thyestes, who was murdered by his uncle Atreus, and fed to his unsuspecting father. |
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the mythical[1] founder-king of Athens, killed THE MINOTAUR. |
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PEOPLE
Achilles' mother.
Thetis posed typically as a supplicant to Zeus when she asks him to make the Achaeans lose while Achilles is mad at them. |
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PEOPLE
he son of Pelops and Hippodamia, King of Olympia, and father of Pelopia and Aegisthus. Thyestes and his twin brother, Atreus, were exiled by their father for having murdered their half-brother, Chrysippus, in their desire for the throne of Olympia. They took refuge in Mycenae, where they ascended the throne upon the absence of King Eurystheus, who was fighting the Heracleidae. Eurystheus had meant for their lordship to be temporary; it became permanent due to his death in conflict. |
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A king and priest of Shurrupak, whose name translates as “He Who Saw Life.” By the god Ea’s connivance, Utnapishtim survived the great deluge that almost destroyed all life on Earth by building a great boat that carried him, his family, and one of every living creature to safety. The gods granted eternal life to him and his wife. |
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PLACES
Where Agamemnon and Clytemnestra are from.
"MYCENAE" |
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PLACES
the port from which the Greek army set sail for the Trojan War. |
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PLACES
Minoan Civilization on Crete
MINOS, MINOTAUR |
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PLACES
also known as Labyrinth, or Knossos Palace, is the largest Bronze Age archaeological site on Crete and probably the ceremonial and political centre of the Minoan civilization and culture |
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PLACES
Mycenae in the Peloponnese was home to the legendary Wanax Agamemnon. "ARGOS" |
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PLACES
was one of the most ancient of all the Sumerian cities.[citation needed] It was the special seat of the worship of the Sumerian god Enlil, the "Lord Wind," ruler of the cosmos subject to An alone. |
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PLACES
Living place of the gods. Achilles from near there. |
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PLACES
Semele and Dionysus |
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PLACES
Uruk was famous as the capital city of Gilgamesh. |
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REAL PEOPLE
Wrote “Agamemnon”
wrote between 70 and 90.
Wrote The Persians - only historical play - not
Debated whether he wrote “Prometheus Bound”
Most famous for Oresteia: 1 Agamemnon, 2 Libation Bearers, 3 Eumenides |
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REAL PEOPLE
From city of Ephesus.
Elitist, aristocratic. Wrote in very obscure terms so only educated could interpret.
Thought his book was holy - dedicated in temple.
Great impact on modern philosophy.
Optimistic view that the world is ending because there is something new. The regenerative part is what is focused on, not the destruction.
The only constant thing in the universe is change. Nothing eternal in the universe either. |
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REAL PEOPLE
Mycenean who wrote Iliad and the Odyssey and other crazy stories. |
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REAL PEOPLE
Idealism (better word: Idea-ism)
Allegory/Parable of the Cave
Knowledge is an act of remembering. We’re just remembering what we already knew in a previous state. These people were outside the cave at some point, but they’ve forgotten. |
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the first Pre-Socratic we know. Considered the first philosophers.
Known as always looking up - very practical and brilliant. Someone claimed that philosophy was completely useless but he proved them wrong by determining weather patterns and bought a lot of olive presses and then there was a rush and sold it for a lot of money.
More natural explanation for the creation of the universe. Water is the source - everything is generated from “moist.” Water can morph into all these different elements - primary element is water. |
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Term
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Definition
REAL PEOPLE
We can say a lot about the gods, but most of what we say about the gods must be fiction - based on the universe we know. (According to “Homer and Hesiod” gods look like us, appear like us, etc.)
Henotheism
The description of god is turning into something very un-human-like. “Thinks as a whole, thinks as a whole, and hears as a whole” - beginnings of “the unmoved mover” (Aristotle) - moves its way into Christian theology. Pure thought, moves with mind. Will be significant to Plat as well.
materialists - only bodily, material world. No spiritual dimension to it - no souls, or too vague and abstract that we can’t really properly speak about it.
Open attitude to new ideas |
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