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Human Structure Function Test 3
integumentary, bones, muscle
96
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
12/07/2009

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Cards

Term
What are the primary functions of the integumentary system?
Definition

protection

sensation

thermoregulation

synthesis of Vitamin D

Term
What is the vermillion border?
Definition
where skin is continuous with mucous membranes
Term
What are functions of the hypodermis?
Definition

stores energy

insulates

allows for independence of movement of skin and muscle

Term
describe the stratum germinativum (basale)
Definition

bottom layer

mitotically active

cuboidal/ columnar cells

connected to underlying tissues via hemidesmosomes.

Term
Describe the stratum spinosum
Definition

non mitotic

started to differentiate

look like they are connect via tiny hairs

Term
Describe the stratum granulosum
Definition
Contains keratohyaline granules
Term
Describe the stratum lucidum
Definition
transitional layer.  Only seen in thick skin.
Term
Describe the stratum corneum
Definition
keratinized dead layer
Term
Name the layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial
Definition

stratum germinativum/ basale 

stratum spinosum

stratum granulosum

stratum lucidum

stratum corneum

Term
Where do melanocytes originate from?
Definition
neural crest cells
Term
what do melanocytes do?
Definition
synthesize melanin and package it into melanosomes. melanin is delivered to keratinocytes.
Term
Where do Langerhans cells originate from?
Definition
blood monocytes
Term
What do Langerhans cells do?
Definition
Migrate through the skin and bind to foreign antigens.  Bring antigens to basement membrane and into blood vessel where they are carried to lymphocytes.
Term
Where do Merkel cells originate from?
Definition
neural crest cells
Term
What do Merkel cells do?
Definition
synapse with sensory neurons in stratum basale to help transduce tactile sensation
Term
What are apocrine sweat glands?
Definition
Secretion involves partial loss of cell because they secrete feromones.   found in aveolae, perianal, and genital areas.
Term
What are eccrine sweat glands?
Definition
secrete sweat via exocytosis.  Do not excrete any cellular matter.  Involved in thermoregulation.  Controlled by sympathetic nervous system.  make finger prints.
Term
What are the three layers of the cutaneous vasculature?
Definition

papillary plexus (basal layer of epidermis)

cutaneous plexus (border of dermis and hypodermis)

subcutaneous plexus (hypodermis)

Term
What controls the cutaneous vasculature?
Definition
the sympathetic hypothalamic thermoregulatory center
Term
What do peripheral temp receptors detect?
Definition
change in environmental temp
Term
What do central temp receptors detect?
Definition
Change in the core body temp
Term
What type of neurons detect increased temp?
Definition
sympathetic cholinergic neurons
Term
what neurons detect and regulate decreased body temp?
Definition
sympathetic adrenergic neurons
Term
what gives bone compressional strength and tensile strength?
Definition

compressional-hydroxyapatite

tensile- type I collagen

Term
Where is yellow bone marrow found?
Definition
Medullary cavity
Term
Where is red bone marrow found?
Definition
at the epiphyses
Term
What is the CT that is found on the outside of bone?
Definition
periosteum
Term
Describe the different layers of periosteum
Definition

Outer layer- fibrous- musculotendinous complex

Inner layer- cellular- contains bone forming and degrading cells

Term
What are the fibers called that attach the musculotendinous complex to bone?
Definition
Sharpy's or Perforating Fibers
Term
What are the two types of canals found in compact bone?
Definition

Haversian canals- run parallel to the bone 

Perforating/ Volkman's Canals- run perpendicular to the bone

Term
What are canalliculi?
Definition
small channels extending from lacunae.  Allow diffusion to outer most layers of osteon.  Joined by gap junctions to create a functional syncytion 
Term
What are interstitial lamellae?
Definition
b/w osteons.  Remnants of old haversian systems
Term
What is another name for spongy bone?
Definition
cancellous bone
Term
Where is spongy bone found?
Definition
the epiphyses
Term
What is the endosteum?
Definition
Layer of CT that covers the spongy bone and lines the inside of compact bone.  It contains osteoblasts and osteoclasts. 
Term
How long does osteogenesis last?
Definition
from 4 months before birth until 20-21 years old.
Term
What are osteocytes?
Definition
They are found in lacuna of the matrix.  Develop from osteoblasts.
Term
What are osteoblasts?
Definition

They make Type I collagen.  Turn into osteocytes.

Found on periosteum and endosteum

Term
What are osteoclasts?
Definition

Very big mutlinucleated cells that dissolve bone.  Found on periosteum and endosteum. 

Derived from blood monocytes

Term
What are osteoprogenitor cells?
Definition
Undifferentiated cells that give rise to osteoblasts.  Found on periosteum and endosteum.
Term
What is osteoid?
Definition
unmineralized, unossified collagen
Term
What is the Howship's lacuna?
Definition
where osteoclast sits and forms seal to break down bone.
Term
What vitamins and minerals are required for osteogenesis?
Definition

calcium & phosphate- hydroxyapatite

amino acids- collagen synthesis

Vitamin A- mineral uptake

vitamin C- collagen synthesis

Vitamins D,K, and B12- osteobast functioning

Term
What hormones regulate bone formation?
Definition

IGF

thyroid hormones

sex hormones

parathyroids, calcitonin, calcitriol

Term
Describe intramembranous ossification
Definition

Converts mesoderm directly into bone.  Cells are restricted to osteoprogenitor pattern and differentiate into osteoblasts.  

Deeloping bone looks like needle projections-> trabeculae.  Bone is invaded by blood vessels and osteoclasts form. 

Term
Describe endochondral ossification
Definition

mesoderm is converted to hyaline cartilage and then into bone.  

Perichondrion (CT) surrounds hayaline cartilage and becomes like periosteum.  Some of those cells turn into osteoprogenitors -> osteoblasts.  

A layer of bone is laid down below the periosteum, cutting off blood supply.  This becomes the periosteal collar.  It is the primary ossification center.  Osteoclasts degrade spicules to form marrow cavity.

Term
Where does the secondary ossification center form?  and what does it become?
Definition

Epiphysis.  

Epiphyseal growth plate.

Term
What is the oldest cartilage in the body and where is it found?
Definition
articular cartilage.  It is found on the top of the secondary growth plate.
Term
What is bone modeling?
Definition
It adds thickness and diameter, changing the shape and size of the bone.  It predominates before puberty.  
Term
What is bone remodeling?
Definition
It replaces old bone with microfractures and gives definition and shape.
Term
What does the growth plate turn into after puberty?
Definition
The epiphyseal line
Term
What does PTH do?
Definition
raises blood Ca levels by taking Ca out of bone and decreasing amount of Ca excreted in urine.  
Term
What does calcitriol do?
Definition
increases absorption of Ca in the intestine
Term
What happens to cells when there is too much calcium?
Definition
cells are hypoexcited and the threshold is raised.
Term
What happens when there is too little calcium?
Definition
Excitable cells become hyperexcited, which affects Na channels
Term
What does calcitonin do?
Definition
It stops bone form breaking down and lowers Ca concentrations by promoting Ca excretion.
Term
Which type of muscle cells continue dividing and which do not.
Definition
Smooth muscle continues to divide a lot and cardiac muscle can't at all.  skeletal is in between.
Term
What is the sarcolemma?
Definition
The outer boundary for muscle cells- the plasma membrane
Term
What are the cells in skeletal muscle that allow new cells to replace old ones?
Definition
satellite cells
Term
Describe skeletal muscle myogenesis
Definition
undifferentiated myoblasts form actin and myosin in cytoplasm.  Many myoblasts fuse to form a myotube.  As more actin and myosin is made, nuclei get pushed to the outside.  
Term
What is the growth factor that limits how big muscles can get?
Definition
myostatin
Term
Name the CT wrappings in skeletal muscle and where they are found in the muscle.
Definition

Endomysium- surrounds myofiber

Perimysium- surrounds the fascicle

Epimysium- Surrounds the whole muscle

Term
what is the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Definition
It surrounds each myofibril and senses changes in the sarcolemma.  It stores Ca.
Term
Describe the skeletal muscle triad
Definition
sarcolemma invaginates into cell to form T- tubules which touch the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Term
Describe the A-bands in the sarcomere
Definition
Dark bands. lots of thick myofilaments.
Term
Describe the I-bands in the sarcomere
Definition
light bands.  Contain actin only.
Term
What are the Z-lines of the sarcomere?
Definition
Dark lines that divide the I-band
Term
What is the M-line of the sarcomere?
Definition
DOwn the middle of the sarcomere.
Term
What is the H-zone of the sarcomere?
Definition
THe region with myosin only. It flanks the M-line.
Term
What are the functions of troponin and tropomyosin
Definition
tropomyosin covers up the myosin binding site on actin and troponin locks it in place
Term
What is nebulin?
Definition
protein that regulates the size of filaments and the sarcomere
Term
what is titan?
Definition
acts like a spring so sarcomere can return to original length.
Term
What is desmin?
Definition
Protein that lines up the sarcomeres.
Term
What is dystrophin?
Definition
Protein that links myofibril to the sarcolemma at the castamere
Term
What is DMD?
Definition
type of muscular dystrophy where linker proteins are absent
Term
Describe the changes that happen in the sarcomere when the muscle contracts
Definition
The Z-lines get closer together, the I-bands get skinnier and the H-zone gets skinnier.  The A-band stays the same length.
Term
What are the interlocking proteins in the triad?
Definition

dihydropyridine- receptors on the T-tubule

ryanodine- receptors on the SR.  Calcium channels

Term
What binds to troponin to allow actin and myosin cross bridge?
Definition
calcium
Term
What is a muscle twitch?
Definition
Experimental phenomenon where 1 action potential causes 1 sarcomere contraction
Term
What type of summation happens in muscle contraction?
Definition
temporal
Term
what is sustained muscle contraction called?
Definition
tetanus
Term
where is the periosteum found?
Definition
on the outside fo bone but not on articluar surfaces
Term
where do intramembranous and endochondral osteogenesis occur?
Definition

intramembranous- flat bones

endochondral- long bones

Term
What are the determinants of tension?
Definition

the amount of actin and mysoin

the amount of physical stress

the frequency of stimulation

Term
What are the different muscle fiber types?
Definition

type I- red.  aerobic.  lots of O2 and myoglobin.  Holds modest contraction for a long time.  many mitochondria. low glycogen content.

type II- white.  aerobic.  strong contraction for a short period of time.

Term
What joins cardiac muscle cells?
Definition
gap junctions
Term
Where does calcium come into the cell in smooth muscle?
Definition
from the outside via alveoli
Term
what is single unit smooth muscle?
Definition
responds to hormones and ANS.  have gap junctions so that all cells contract at once
Term
What is multi-unti smooth muscle?
Definition
no gap junctions.  respond to hormones and ANS separately.  Not a functional synctitium.
Term
Describe how contraction is initiated in smooth muscle
Definition
Ca comes in form outside and binds to calmodulin.  CAlmodulin starts reaction cascade which activated chainkinase which phosphorylates myosin and increases ATPase activity.  Cross-bridges form.
Term
What is the last living layer and the first dead layer of the epidermis?
Definition

stratum lucidum is first dead layer

stratum granulosum is last living layer

Term

True or false: the dermis is vascualrized.

 

Definition
false
Term
what is holocrine secretion?
Definition
entire cell is released to the free surface.  this happens with sebacceous glands.  the cell is shed into the hair folicle and bursts to secrete oil.
Term
what does anastemotic mean?
Definition
alternative patterns of blood flow
Term
what is the latent period in muscle contraction?
Definition
when Ca is being made available
Term
What are the three roles of ATP in muscle contraction?
Definition

-provides force for movement

-breaks cross bridge

- pumps Ca into the SR

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