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Human S&F lecture
Biol 242 lecture
53
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
09/27/2009

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Term
How many potassium and sodium ions can the sodium/potassium pump move at once?
Definition
3 sodium ions, 2 potassium
Term
what is the equilibrium potential for K+?
Definition
-90 mV
Term
What is the equilibrium potential for sodium ions?
Definition
+66 mV
Term
Most sensory neurons of the PNS are _____ (anaxonic, bipolar, unipolar, multipolar)
Definition
unipolar
Term
____ neurons are the most common neurons in the CNS
Definition
multipolar
Term
The ____ contain the cell bodies of sensory neurons
Definition
dorsal root ganglia
Term
The dorsal roots contain axons of _____ neurons
Definition
sensory
Term
The ventral roots contain the axons of _____ neurons
Definition
motor
Term
the ____ matter surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and contains what?
Definition
gray; sensory and motor nuclei
Term
in the gray matter, sensory nuclei are ____ (dorsal/ventral) while motor nuclei are ____ (dorsal/ventral)
Definition
sensory nuclei are dorsal, motor nuclei are ventral
Term
____ (white/gray) matter is the region of integration and command initiation
Definition
gray
Term
_____ (white/gray) matter carries information from place to place
Definition
white
Term
Individual axons are bundled into ____, many of which bundle together to form ____
Definition
fascicles; nerves
Term
A ______ tract starts in the spinal cord and carries information to the thalamus.
Definition
spinothalamic
Term
A ____ tract carries information from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord.
Definition
corticospinal
Term
What are the three somatic sensory pathways?
Definition
the posterior column pathway, the spinothalamic pathway, and the spinocerebellar pathway
Term
What are the two spinal tracts involved in the posterior column pathway?
Definition
fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
Term
The fasciculus gracilis containsi axons that carry sensations from the ____ half of the body
Definition
inferior
Term
The fasciculus cuneatus carries sensations from the _____ half of the body.
Definition
superior
Term
Which somatic sensory pathway is responsible for detecting highly localized (fine) touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception?
Definition
posterior column pathway
Term
Which somatic sensory pathway relays sensations of poorly localized (crude) touch, pressure, pain, and temperature?
Definition
spinothalamic pathway
Term
What are the two tracts of the spinothalamic pathway?
Definition
anterior spinothalamic tracts and lateral spinothalamic tracts
Term
Which tracts carry crude touch and pressure sensations?
Definition
anterior spinothalamic tracts
Term
which tracts carry pain and temperature sensations?
Definition
lateral spinothalamic tracts
Term
Where does information relayed by the spinocerebellar pathway end up?
Definition
Purkinje cells of the cerebellar cortex
Term
What are the two tracts of the spinocerebellar pathway?
Definition
posterior spinocerebellar tracts and anterior spinocerebellar tracts
Term
What are the three motor pathways?
Definition
corticospinal pathway, medial pathway, lateral pathway
Term
which pathway provides voluntary control over skeletal muscles?
Definition
corticospinal pathway, or pyramidal system
Term
What are the three pairs of descending tracts in the corticospinal pathway?
Definition
corticobulbar tracts, lateral corticospinal tracts, and anterior corticospinal tracts
Term
What are the three primary brain vesicles, from superior to inferior?
Definition
prosencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon
Term
The prosencephalon further develops into what 2 secondary brain vesicles (from superior to inferior)?
Definition
telencephalon, diencephalon
Term
The rhombencephalon further develops into what 2 secondary brain vesicles (from superior to inferior)?
Definition
metencephalon, myelencephalon
Term
Which secondary brain vesicle develops into the cerebrum?
Definition
telencephalon
Term
which secondary brain vesicle develops into the cerebellum and pons?
Definition
metencephalon
Term
which secondary brain vesicle develops into the medulla oblongata?
Definition
myelencephalon
Term
what is the name of the slender canal that connects the third and fourth ventricles?
Definition
aqueduct of midbrain (or mesencephalic aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius, or cerebral aqueduct)
Term
what are the outer and inner layers of the cranial dura mater called?
Definition
endosteal and meningeal, respectively
Term
what are the three largest dural folds and where are they located?
Definition
falx cerebri that projects between the cerebral hemispheres in the longitudinal fissure; tentorium cerebelli that separates cerebellar hemispheres from those of cerebrum; falx cerebelli that divides the two cerebellar hemispheres inferior to tentorium cerebelli
Term
How and where does the CSF reach the subarachnoid space?
Definition
through two lateral apertures and one median aperture in the roof of the fourth ventricle
Term
CSF is absorbed into the venous circulation at the _______
Definition
arachnoid granulations
Term
CN I (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
olfactory; olfactory foramina of ethmoid; olfactory epithelium
Term
CN II (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
optic/ocular; optic canal; retina
Term
CN III (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
oculomotor; superior orbital fissure; intrinsic (smooth) eye muscles and all extrinsic except LR and SO
Term
CN IV (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
Trochlear; superior orbital fissure; superior oblique
Term
CN V (name, 3 branches and their foramina)
Definition
Trigeminal; 1)opthalmic branch- superior orbital fissure; 2)maxillary branch- foramen rotundum; 3)mandibular branch; foramen ovale.
Term
CN VI (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
Abducens; superior orbital fissure; lateral rectus
Term
CN VII (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
Facial; leaves cranial cavity through internal acoustic meatus in sphenoid bone and exits through stylomastoid foramen; senses anterior 2/3 of tongue, motor to muscles of facial expression, lacrimal gland, submandibular and sublingual salivary glands
Term
CN VIII (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
Vestibulocochlear, auditory, or acoustic; internal acoustic meatus; cochlea and vestibule
Term
CN IX (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
Glossopharyngeal;jugular foramen;motor to muscles of swallowing and pharynx, sensory from posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid bodies (chemoreceptors and baroreceptors for blood pressure, pH, CO2 and O2 concentration)
Term
CN X (name, foramen, and innervation)
Definition
Vagus; jugular foramen; pharynx and visceral organs in thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
Term
CN XI (name, foramen, innervation)
Definition
spinal accessory; jugular foramen; skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx, sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
Term
CN XII (name, foramen, innervation)
Definition
Hypoglossal; hypoglossal canal; tongue musculature
Term
what structure physically connects the pituitary gland to the inferior portion of the brain?
Definition
infundibulum
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