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Human Physiology Final
Second Semester
148
Anatomy
12th Grade
05/12/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Smooth Muscle

 

Definition

muscles not under conscious control; aka involuntary or visceral muscle; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs

Term

Skeletal muscle

Definition
aka voluntary or striated voluntary muscle; muscles under willed or voluntary control
Term

Cardiac muscle

Definition

specialized muscle that makes up the heart

Term

Involuntary

Definition

smooth muscle not under conscious control and found in organs such as the stomach, small intestine, and ureters

Term

Voluntary

Definition

skeletal muscle

Term

Myofibril sarcomere

Definition
myofibrils divided into segments, smallest contractile unit
Term
Myofilament
Definition
ultra microscopic, threadlike structures found in myofibrils; composed of myosin (thick) and actin (thin)
Term
Striated sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
storage area for Ca++ and transmits impules; striated- in cardiac or skeletal muscle
Term
Sarcolemma
Definition
plasma membrane of a striated muscle fiber
Term
Sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of muscle fibers
Term
Transverse tubules
Definition
estensions of sarcoplasm, inward through cell, carries impulses from sarcolemma into cell
Term
Actin
Definition
forms the majority of thin filaments
Term

Myosin

Definition

thick filament – reach out and grab actin(chemical attraction); act as cross bridges

Term
Tropomyosin
Definition
protein that covers the active sites on the actin
Term
Troponin
Definition
protein holds tropomyosin in position
Term
A Band
Definition
the segment that runs the entire length
Term
Z line
Definition
plate or disk to which thin filaments directly anchor on thick filaments
Term
I band
Definition
the segment that include the Z line and the ends where they do not overlap thin filaments
Term
H zone
Definition
the middle region of the thick filaments where they do overlap thin filaments
Term
Dopamine
Definition
chemical neurotransmitter
Term
Norepinephrine
Definition
hormone secreted by adrenal medulla that increases cardiac output; neurotransmitter released by Nervous System Cells
Term

Acetylcholine

Definition

sysnthesized in neurons by combining acetate with choline

Term


Definition
Term


Definition
Term

Calcium

Definition

ions pumped from sarcolemma to sarcoplasm and stored in sacs

Term
ATP
Definition
the energy required for muscular contraction; is obtained by hydrolysis
Term
CrP
Definition
Creatine Phosphate; rebuilds ATP
Term
Motor unit
Definition
functional unit composed of a single motor neuron with muscle cells in it
Term
Isotonic
Definition
muscles shorten; filaments slide past each other, tension remains the same
Term
Isometric
Definition
tension increases but muscle length remains the same
Term
Spastic
Definition
muscle very toned and strained
Term
Flaccid
Definition
muscle w/ less tone than normal
Term
Irritability
Definition
ability to release and respond to stimuli
Term
Contractability
Definition
ability to shorten; pull on bones
Term
Synapse
Definition
minute space between efferent neuron and motor endplate
Term

Myoglobin

Definition

large protein molecule in the sarcoplasm of muscle cells that attracts  oxygen and holds it temporarily

Term

Heparin

Definition

substance obtained by the liver; inhibits blood from clotting

Term
Erythropoetin
Definition
hormone that controls RBC production; released from liver in response to O2 deficiancy
Term
Red blood cell description
Definition
anucleated when mature; biconcave (surface area); primarily hemoglobin; produce ATP anaerobically
Term
Diapedesis
Definition
passage of any formed elements within blood vessel through the vessel wall, as in movement of white cells into the area of injury and infection
Term
Leukocytosis
Definition
abnormally high white blood cell numbers in the blood
Term
Leukopenia
Definition
abnormally low white blood cell numbers in the blood
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells; defense mechanism
Term
5 types of WBC and description
Definition
1. Neutrophil – phagocytes; may move out of blood vessels into tissue (diapedesis); 65% of total WBC; short living
2. Eosinophil – two lobe nuclei; named after eosin (red dye); 5% of WBC; Respiratory and digestive
3. Basophils – 1% of WBC, contains histamine(inflammatory) and heparin(anticoagulant)
4. Lymphocytes – 25% of WBC; 2 types
a. T lymphocytes – enter thymus and undergo changes; attack and destroy viruses, tumors, cancerous cells; activate b cells
b. B cells – produce antibodies against specific antigens
    5. Monocytes – 6% of WBC; long term cells

Term

Platelets

Definition

anucleated, called “picus”; adult average 250-300K; clotting

Term

Histamine

Definition

inflammatory chemical

Term
Rh factor
Definition
means that there is another protein present in blood; have antibodies for this if not born with it
Term
Reticulocytes
Definition
immature red blood cells
Term
Thrombus
Definition
non moving or fixed blood clot attached to the lining of a vein or artery
Term
Embolus
Definition
a moving blood clot circulating in blood stream
Term
Platelet
Definition

 

specialized cell fragment in the blood; thrombrocyte; important component in clotting

Term
Clotting theory
Definition
protein fibers that trap platelets and RBCs to for clots (Scabs)
Term
Agglutination
Definition

 

clumping together

Term
Neutrophil
Definition
phagocytes; may move out of blood vessels into tissue (diapedesis); 65% of total WBC; short living
Term
Eosinophil
Definition
two lobe nuclei; named after eosin (red dye); 5% of WBC; Respiratory and digestive
Term
Basophils
Definition
1% of WBC, contains histamine(inflammatory) and heparin(anticoagulant)
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
25% of WBC; 2 types
Term
Monocytes
Definition
6% of WBC; long term cells
Term
Epicardium
Definition
(visceral pericardium) – outer layer of the heart
Term
Endocardium
Definition
thin layer of very smooth tissue lining each chamber
Term
Pericardium
Definition
membrane that surrounds the rest of the heart
Term
Myocardium
Definition
back of the heart wall; thick bundles of cardiac muscle in ringlike shapes
Term
Cuspids
Definition
AV valves between atria and ventricles
Term
Semilunar valves
Definition

 

at base of the arteries leaving the heart; pulmonary and aortic

Term

4 chambers

Definition

right and left atria-receive blood from veins; right and left ventricles- pump blood our of heart into arteries(thicker chambers)

Term

3 types of blood vessels and description

Definition

1.    Arteries – carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; pulmonary trunk is exception; aorta=large artery, arterioles= small arteries
2.    Veins – carry deoxygenated blood back into heart(most valves); vena cava=large, venules=small
3.    Capillaries – very tiny blood vessels between arterioles and venules
Route blood travels through heart and body- Left side pumps to body, right side pumps into heart

Term

Angina

Definition

chest pain, warning of ischemia

Term
Ischemia
Definition
reduced flow of blood to tissue resulting in impairment of cell function
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
Heart attack; heart tissues die due to thrombosis or embolism
Term
Bradycardia
Definition
slow heart rate, below 50
Term
Tachycardia
Definition
rapid heart rate, above 100
Term
Anastomoses
Definition
connection between vessels that allow collateral circulation

Term

Vasodilation

Definition

dilation of veins and arteries

Term

Vasoconstriction

Definition

 

constriction of veins of arteries

Term

Route of impulse though heart

Definition

right atrium receives deoxygenated blood, right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lung, oxygenated blood is returned to the left atrium, the left atrium pumps the blood to the left ventricle, the left ventricle pumps the blood into the body

Term

Arteries

Definition

carry oxygenated blood away from the heart; pulmonary trunk is exception; aorta=large artery, arterioles= small arteries

Term

Veins

Definition

carry deoxygenated blood back into heart(most valves); vena cava=large, venules=small

Term

Capillaries

Definition

very tiny blood vessels between arterioles and venules

Term
Route blood travels through heart and body
Definition

 

Left side pumps to body, right side pumps into heart

Term
aorta
Definition
large artery
Term
arterioles
Definition
small arteries
Term

vena cava

Definition

large veins

 

Term

venules

Definition

small veins

 

Term
Cerebellum
Definition
second largest part of the brain; plays essential role in the production of normal movents
Term
Cerebrum
Definition
largest and uppermost part of brain; controls consciousness, memory, sensations, and voluntary movements
Term
Cortex
Definition

 

speech, memory, logical and emotional, response, consciousness, interpretation of senses, and voluntary movement

Term

Diencephalon

Definition

“between” brain; between cerebral hemispheres and midbrain

Term
Olfactory
Definition
sense of smell
Term
Fissure
Definition
(deep sulci) divide membrane into 5 hemispheres
Term
Ventricle
Definition
large, fluid filled spaces in the brain
Term
Occipital
Definition
part of the cerebrum in charge of visual senses
Term
Temporal
Definition

 

part of the cerebrum in charge of auditory senses

Term

 

Hypothalamus

Definition
link between psyche & soma; center for drives and emotions, autonomic
Term
Thalamus
Definition
acts as a relay station; pain, temperature, touch; pleasant and unpleasantness
Term
Pons
Definition

 

located above medulla; helps control breathing; relays between cerebrum and cerebellum

Term
Corpus callosum
Definition

 

larger fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

Term
Pineal body
Definition
produce melatonin; major role in sexual development; controlled by amount of day light; may affect cabin fever
Term

 

Brain stem

Definition
medulla, pons, and midbrain
Term
Medulla
Definition
regulates reflex responses; breathing, heart beat, blood pressure
Term
Chorcoid plexus
Definition

 

complex network formed by converging and diverging nerves

Term
CVA
Definition
cerebro-vascular accident; Stroke; circulation of blood to brain blocked
Term

Concussion

Definition

 

minor brain injury

Term

Contusion

Definition

 

permanent tissue damage

Term

Connective tissue and spaces of the brain

Definition

Meninges – inner covering, protective connective tissue
        Dura Mater – white, leathery, fibrous tissue surrounding the brain
        Arachnoid Mater – cobweb layer, cushion, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
        Pia mater – covers surface of PNS and contains blood vessels
    Meningeal spaces
Epidural – between bone and dura mater; contains supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissue
Subdural – between dura mater and arachnoid; contains lubrication- serous fluid
Subarachnoid – between arachnoid and pia mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid

Term


Definition
Term

Transient

Definition

 

Ischemic Attack, lasts several minutes to an hour, warning sign for CVA

Term
Meninges
Definition

 

inner covering, protective connective tissue

Term
Dura Mater
Definition
white, leathery, fibrous tissue surrounding the brain
Term
Arachnoid Mater
Definition
cobweb layer, cushion, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Pia mater
Definition
covers surface of PNS and contains blood vessels
Term
Epidural
Definition
between bone and dura mater; contains supporting cushion of fat and other connective tissue
Term
Subdural
Definition
between dura mater and arachnoid; contains lubrication- serous fluid
Term

Subarachnoid

Definition

 

between arachnoid and pia mater; contains cerebrospinal fluid

Term
Autonomic
Definition
(visceral) carries information to the smooth and cardiac muscles and glands
Term

Somatic

Definition

carries information to the somatic effectors(skeletal muscles)

Term
Sympathetic
Definition
prepares body to deal with immediate threats (fight-or-flight)
Term
Parasympathetic
Definition

normal maintenance and bodily functions (rest-and-repair)

Term

Afferent

Definition

incoming sensory pathways

Term
Efferent
Definition
outgoing sensory pathways
Term

5 neuroglia and description

Definition

1.    Atrocytes - star-shaped; most numerous(about 50%); form webs of sheaths around brain’s capillaries
2.    Microglia – phagocytes; engulf microbes and cellular debris
3.    Ependymal cells – line the cavities of brain and spinal cord; cushions CNS by producing cerebrospinal fluid
4.    Oligodendrocytes – smaller than astrocytes; hold nerve fibers together and produce myelin sheath in CNS
5.    Schwann cells – found only in PNS; support nerve fibers and form myelin sheath

Term

Atrocytes

Definition

 

star-shaped; most numerous(about 50%); form webs of sheaths around brain’s capillaries

Term

Microglia

Definition

 

phagocytes; engulf microbes and cellular debris

Term

Ependymal cells

Definition

line the cavities of brain and spinal cord; cushions CNS by producing cerebrospinal fluid

Term

Oligodendrocytes

Definition

smaller than astrocytes; hold nerve fibers together and produce myelin sheath in CNS

Term

Schwann cells

Definition

found only in PNS; support nerve fibers and form myelin sheath

Term

Anatomy of neuron

Definition

Cell Body, Neurofibrils, Dendrites, Axon, myelin sheath, node of Ranvier

Term

3 types of neurons

Definition

1.    Multipolar – 1 axon and several dendrites
2.    Bipolar – 1 axon and 1 dendrite(least abundant)
3.    Unipolar – 1 process from cell body which immediately divides into one axon and one dendrite

Term
Multipolar
Definition
1 axon and several dendrites
Term
Bipolar
Definition
1 axon and 1 dendrite(least abundant)
Term
Unipolar
Definition
1 process from cell body which immediately divides into one axon and one dendrite
Term

 

Sensory neuron

Definition
neurons that transmit impulses to the spinal cord and brain from all parts of the body
Term
Motor neuron
Definition
from brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body
Term
White matter
Definition
myelinated fibers; PNS=nerves, CNS=tracts
Term
Gray matter
Definition
unmyelinated fibers; PNS= ganglia, CNS= nuclei
Term

Presynaptic neuron

Definition

the part of the neuron transmitting (telodendria)

Term
Postsynaptic neuron
Definition
the part of the neuron receiving message (dendrite)

Term

4 classes of neurotransmitters and examples of each

Definition

1.    Acetylcholine – Acetate and choline(vitamin B)
2.    Amines – Serotonin(inhibitory), histamine(excitatory), dopamine(inhibitory), epinephrine(excitatory), norepinephrine(excitatory)
3.    Amino Acids – act as neurotransmitters in CNS; glutamic acid(excitatory), glycine(inhibitory)
4.    Neuropeptides – polypeptides, in intestine regulate digestion, in CNS work as neurotransmitters; enkephalins and endorphins bind to opiate receptors

Term
Acetylcholine
Definition
Acetate and choline(vitamin B)
Term
Amines
Definition
Serotonin(inhibitory), histamine(excitatory), dopamine(inhibitory), epinephrine(excitatory), norepinephrine(excitatory)
Term
Amino Acids
Definition
act as neurotransmitters in CNS; glutamic acid(excitatory), glycine(inhibitory)
Term

Neuropeptides

Definition

polypeptides, in intestine regulate digestion, in CNS work as neurotransmitters; enkephalins and endorphins bind to opiate receptors

Term
Parkinson’s disease
Definition
nervous disorder characterized by abnormally low levels of dopamine in parts of the brain that control voluntary movement, trembling and muscle rigidity
Term
Depression
Definition
low levels of serotonin, dopamine, or norepinephrine
Term

Fight-or-flight

Definition

sympathetic

Term

Rest-and-repair

Definition

Parasympathetic

Term
Somatic
Definition
bodies receptors; recognize pain, temperature, and touch; lips and fingertips
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