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Human Osteology
Reading Material
90
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
05/11/2007

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Cards

Term
What are the 10 steps of Discovery, Preparation, and Curation of Skeletal Remains? ch 14
Definition
1. Search
2. Discovery
3.Excavation and Retrieval
4. Transport
5. Sorting
6. Preparation
7. Preservation
8. Restoration
9. Molding and Casting
10. Curation
Term
After Discovery, what are the 3 questions you should ask yourself? ch 14
Definition
Is the material human? How are the individuals represented? What's the antiquity?
Term
During excavation and retrieval what are are the steps in recovery of skeletal material? ch 14
Definition
1. mark each skeletal part w/ pin flag and assess distribution to predict where piesces might be
2. Consolidate fagile bone in situ w/ preservative
3. document context
4. obtain proper equipment for recovery
5. make written andphotographic records of everything important, USE A SCALE AND DIRECTIONAL ARROW
6. Begin preservation measures if necessary
7. Collect bone exposed on surface
8. Screen earth from abdominal region of all skeletons to recover dietary or fetal skeletal remains
Term
During excavation and retrieval, what are some important things to remember about burials? (2)
Definition
expose bones one at a time, use appropriate tools
Term
In excavation and retrieval, where should you let bones dry? ch 14
Definition
in the shade
Term
In excavation and retrieval, what is an inexpensive, efective way to stabiliaze, protect and keep bones and parts in place? ch 14
Definition
aluminum foil
Term
In transporting, when is it necessary to use jacketing and how do you do it? ch. 14
Definition
Use it when you have to remove a block of matrix.
1.Isolate specimen on pedestal of earth. 2.Cover w/ several layers of wet tissue paper where bone is exposed.
3. Use burlap bandages soaked in plaster to form cast or jacket around specimen
Term
What does antiquity mean?
Definition
the peoples, nations, tribes, or cultures of ancient times
Term
What is paleoepidemiology? ch 20
Definition
the study of disease in ancient communities
Term
What is paleo demography? ch 20
Definition
The study of vital statistics in ancient communities
Term
what is paleopathology?
Definition
the study of diseases in ancient populations as revealed by skeleal remains and preserved soft tissues
Term
According to Waldron, What are the four extrinsic factors acting on dead populations, all reducing the size of the subset available to study? ch 20
Definition
1. Only a portion of those that die are buried at the site being studied
2. Only a portion of the buried evade destruction
3. Only a portion of the undestroyed are discovered
4. Only a portion of the discovered are recovered for the osteologist to analyze
Term
What is taphonomy? ch 19
Definition
the study of the processes that operate between the time of death of the organism and the time of study
Term
Who coined the term taphonomy and when? ch 19
Definition
1940s Russian paleontologist, Efremov
Term
What are the four main sources of variation? ch 2 and 18
Definition
1. ontogeny
2. sex
3. geography
4. idiosyncracy
Term
What does premortem mean? ch 18
Definition
before death
Term
what does perimortem mean? ch 18
Definition
before or around time of death
Term
What are the 3 main objectives of paleopathological research? ch 18
Definition
1. diagnosis of specific diseases in individual skeletal remains
2. analysis of impact of various diseases in human pop thru time and space
3. clarification of evolutionary interactions btwn humans and disease

i.e. find out what it is, see how it impacted people, see how it evolved
Term
What are Harris lines? ch 18
Definition
Lines of increased bone density that represent position of growth plate at time of insult to organism
Term
What is the only real advantage an osteologist has oin studying pathology? ch 18
Definition
can look at skeleton w/o soft tissue cover
Term
What are the two major impediments of paleopathological work according to Miller? ch 18
Definition
1. small amt of well-documented clinically diagnosed skeletal samples as control
2. difficulty in finding skeletal abnormalities or patterns of abnormalities that are unique to individual disease
Term
What are two basic steps to paleopathological work? ch 18
Definition
1. description
2. diagnosis
Term
What does lytic mean? ch 18
Definition
bone eaten away
Term
what does blastic mean? ch 18
Definition
bone deposited
Term
What are some techniques used for paleopathological diagnosis? ch 18
Definition
gross anatomy, radiographs, histology, microradiographs, scanning electron micrographs, chemical analysis, serology, DNA techniques
Term
Where were all the ostological pathology samples from? ch 18
Definition
Berkeley Primate Skeletal Collection
Term
What is the most common pathology affecting the skeleton? ch 18
Definition
degenerative chante
Term
What is the second most common pathology affecting the skeleton? ch 18
Definition
trauma
Term
What is a complete fracture? ch 18
Definition
one in which broken end of bone become separated
Term
What are the forces that act on bone that can cause breakage? ch 18 (5 types)
Definition
tension, torsion, bending, shearing, compression
Term
What is an icomplete fracture? ch 18
Definition
fracture in which breakage and bending is combined
Term
What is a comminuted fracture? ch 18
Definition
one in which the bone splinters
Term
What is a compound fracture? ch 18
Definition
One in which the bone perforates the skin
Term
what is pathological fracture? ch 18
Definition
happens as a result of the bone already being weak b/c of pathology
Term
what does compressed mean in respect to bone? ch 18
Definition
bone is squeezed
Term
What does depressed mean in respect to bone (ch 18)
Definition
fragments depressed below adjacent surface
Term
How is antemortem fracture differentiated from postmorem fracture? ch 18
Definition
callus (hard tissue) at site of broken bone is formed during healing process
Term
What is pseudarthrosis?
Definition
non-union after the break in bone. Dev most in appendicular skeleton [image]
Term
How did Lovejoy and Heiple (1981) discover that the despite a high fracture rate in Libben, child abuse was not practiced? ch 18
Definition
low incidence in adults
Term
What is disarticulation? ch 18
Definition
movement of joint participants out of contact and simultaneous disruption of joint capsule
Term
What happens to the articular cartilage after a joint is dislocated?
Definition
it cannot obtain nurishment from synovial fluid, so cartilage disintegrates and arthritic changes occur
Term
What is trephination? ch 18
Definition
practice in which artifical hole is made in cranial vault to relieve cranial pressure (mental and physical)
Term
What is osteitis? ch 18
Definition
inflammation of bone tissue caused by infection or injury
Term
What is osteomyeltis?
Definition
Bone inflammation caused by bacteria that enters bone via wound. Mainly enters long bones and defined as an infection that involves medullary cavity
Term
What microorganism causes osteomyelitis?
Definition
Staphylococcus aureus
Term
What is involucrum mean? ch 18
Definition
enveloping sheath
Term
What does osteomyelitis look like? ch 18
Definition
coarsely woven bone around original long bone corex and one or more openings for pus drainage called cloacae
Term
What is periostitis? ch 18
Definition
inflammation of periosteum caused by trauma or infection
Term
How does periostitis differ from osteomelitis?
Definition
only involves outer bone, w/o involvement of marrow cavity. Forms woven bone that sleeves the underlying bone
Term
What is tuberculosis? ch 18
Definition
chronic infectious disease that results from bacterium, mycobarterium tuberculosis.
Term
How are bones affected by tuberculosis?
Definition
vetebral column primary focus. Collapse of one or several vertebral bodies causing a sharp angle in spine (kyphosis) when viewed from side. Sometimes osteomyelitis or septic arthritis b/c shows destruction and cavitation in cancellous bone. Os coxxae also foci.
Term
What causes a treponemal infection?
Definition
yaws and syphilis
Term
What are the symptoms of treponemal infections?
Definition
skeletal lesions, usually focus on frontal and parietals and facial skeleton and tibia
Term
what is porotic hyperostosis?
Definition
condiction exhibiting lesions. Thinning and often complete destruction of outer table of cranial vault.
Term
How is porotic hyperostosis recognizable?
Definition
porosity of craial vault, Usually bilaterally symmetrical, focused on parietals and anterolateral quadrant of orital roofs. Lesions on orbits called cribra orbitalia
Term
what causes porotic hyperostosis?
Definition
nutrient loss due to diarrhea, endemically inadequate diet, anemia, infection HYPEROSTOSIS CAUSED BY IRON DEFICIENCY
Term
what is scurvy?
Definition
metabolic disease caused by long term insufficient vitamin C.
Term
How is scurvy looking in bone?
Definition
cortical thinning and pathological fractures in rapidly growing areas
Term
what does vitamin C help with?
Definition
production of collagen and therefore osteoid
Term
What causes rickets?
Definition
insufficient amt vitamin D that causes failure of mineral deposition so excessive uncalcified osteoid accumulates and bone tissue remains soft
Term
What is osteomalacia?
Definition
disease usually linked to general malnutrition. Greatest effects on ribs, sternum, vertebrae, pelvis
Term
What is osteoporosis?
Definition
increased porotiy of bone that is part of aging p Organisms failure to maintain balache btwn bone resorption and formationrocess
Term
Why do males suffer from osteoporitis less than women?
Definition
males endowed w/ more bone mass initially
Term
What is gigantism?
Definition
excessive prod of somatotrophic hormmon and overstimulation of growth cartilages and gigantic proportions of skeleton
Term
What is acromegaly?
Definition
overly prod pituitary like in gigantism but after epiphyses fused. Most dramatic effect is mandibular condyle
Term
what is achondroplasia?
Definition
hereditary form of dwarfism w/ limb shortening, almost normal trunk and vault dev and small face. caused by congenital disturbance of cartilage formation at epiphyses...skeletal dysplasia
Term
What is multiple myeloma?
Definition
rare primary malignant tumor of hematopoietic tissue. Widespread pattern of lytic lesions
Term
What is osteochondroma?
Definition
benign tumors, usually asymptomatic. Arise at epiphyseal lines and protude at right angles. Resemble ossified tendons
Term
What is osteoma?
Definition
mound of compact bone, usually on ectocranial surface. Called 'button' osteoma
Term
What is ear exostoses?
Definition
button osteomata in EAM
Term
What are three other sarcomatas listed?
Definition
osteosarcomata, chondrosarcomata, Ewing's sarcoma
Term
What is arthritis?
Definition
inflammation of joint
Term
What is the most common form of arthritis and how is it characterized?
Definition
osteoarthritis. It is characterized by the destruction of the articular cartilage in a join and the formation of adjacent bone, in the form of bony liping and spur formation (osteophytes) around the joint
Term
What is primary osteoarthritis?
Definition
resulting from a combination of factors, including age, sex hormones, mechanical stress, and genetic predisposition
Term
What is secondary osteoarthritis?
Definition
initiated by trauma or another cause such as the invasion of the joint by bacteria (septic arthritis often complication of osteomyelitis)
Term
What is a phenomenon commonly found with osteoarthritis?
Definition
eburnation--the result of subchondral bone being exposed when cartilage is destroyed. Bone affected this way takes on polished, ivorylike appearance
Term
What kind of arthritis do middle-age women get and what is it?
Definition
rheumatoid arthritis. Body's immune system attacks own cartilage. Bone changes are atrophic and esp focused in hands and feet. Lesions bilaterally symmetrical. Least common arthropathy in archeological evidence.
Term
What is ankylosis?
Definition
An abnormal immobility and fixation of a joint resulting from pathological changes in the joint
Term
What is ankylosing spondylititis?
Definition
a chronic and usually progressive disease that affects the vertebral column. The associated ligaments of spine ossify, and the intervertebral joints become immobilized.
Term
What is a prerequisite for the formation of dental caries?
Definition
dental plaque (a matrix and its inhabiting community of bacteria that forms on the tooth) and a diet that includes fermentable carbohydrates
Term
What happened with Georgia and dental caries? This was found by Larsen.
Definition
Argriculture led to an increase in the frequency of carious lesions, mostly in women, which showed a difference in subsistence roles
Term
What is dental hypoplasia?
Definition
condition characterized by transverse lines, pits, and grooves on the surface of tooth crown. Effects enamel dev. Caused by several diff factors, all of them the result of metabolic insult
Term
What is periodontitis?
Definition
The inflammation of tissues around a tooth. Can involve both soft tissues and the bone itself. It is the result of infection of the alveolar bone and adjacent tissues. Causes recession of the alveolar bone as either a horizontal lowering of the crest of the alveolar process or an irrecgular lowering of the process, with pockets expanding into cancellous bone of jaws
Term
What is an abscess?
Definition
localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by tissue disintegration. Found as cavities w/in alveolar bone near tooth root apices.
Term
What is a dental calculus?
Definition
mineralized plaque on tooth surface
Term
What does evulse mean?
Definition
to extract forcibly
Term
what is ablation?
Definition
purposeful removal of usually anterior teeth
Term
What is dental mutilation?
Definition
filing, chipping, inlays, etc
Term
what is the earliest evidence of toothpicks and who is it found by?
Definition
Frayer, interproximal grooves present btwn adjacent teeth as grooves
Term
What will infuluence the dev of disease? 5 things
Definition
sex, race, weight, movement, genetic predisposition
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