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Human Muscles
Origins and Insertions
162
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/31/2011

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Term
Abduction
Definition
Movement of a limb away from the midline or medial plane of the body along the frontal plane
Term
Adduction
Definition
The movement of a limb toward the body midline
Term
Extension
Definition
Increases the angle between the articulating bones
Term
Flexion
Definition
Decreases the angle of the joint and brings the articulating bones closer together
Term
Dorsiflexion
Definition
Lifting the foot so that its superior surface approaches the shin
Term
Plantar flexion
Definition
Pointing the toes away from the shin
Term
Rotation
Definition
Turning of a bone around its own long axis. It is the only movement allowed between the first two cervical vertebrae and is common at the hip and shoulder joints.
Term
Lateral Rotation
Definition
Ex. Movement of the hip away from the midline of the body
Term
Medial rotation
Definition
Ex. Rotation of the hip towards the midline of the body
Term
Epicranius/Occipitofrontalis: Description
Definition
Bipartite muscle consisting of the frontal and occipital bellies connected by a cranial aponeurosis, the galea aponeurotica; the alternate actions of these two muscles pull scalp forward and backward
Term
Epicranius/Occipitalfrontalis: Frontal belly - Description
Definition
Covers forehead and dome of skull; no bony attachments
Term
Epicranius/Occipitalfrontalis: Frontal belly - Origin and Insertion
Definition
O-galea aponeurotica
I-skin of eyebrows and root of nose
Term
Epicranius/Occipitalfrontalis: Frontal belly - Action
Definition
Raises the eyebrows
Term
Epicranius/Occipitalfrontalis: Occpital belly - Description
Definition
Overlies posterior occiput, by pulling on the galea, fixes origin of frontalis
Term
Epicranius/Occipitalfrontalis: Occpital belly - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O-occipital and temporal bones
I- galea aponeurotica
Term
Epicranius/Occipitalfrontalis: Occpital belly - Action
Definition
Pulls scalp posteriorly
Term
Orbicularis oculi - Description
Definition
Thin, tripartite sphincter muscle of eyelid, surrounds rim of the orbit
Term
Orbicularis oculi - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O-Frontal and maxillary bones and ligaments around orbit
I-Tissue of eyelid
Term
Orbicularis oculi - Action
Definition
Produces blinking, squinting, and draws eyebrows inferiorly
Term
Orbicularis Oris - Description
Definition
Complicated, multilayered muscle of the lips with biers that run in many different directions; most run circularly
Term
Orbicularis Oris - Origins/Insertions
Definition
O-Arises indirectly from maxilla and mandible; fibers blended with fibers of other facial muscles associated with the lips
I-encircles mouth; inserts into muscle and skin at angles of mouth
Term
Orbicularis Oris - Action
Definition
Closes lips, purses and protrudes lips, kissing and whistling muscle
Term
Risorius - Description
Definition
Slender muscle inferior and later to zygomaticus
Term
Risorius - Origins/Insertions
Definition
O - Lateral fascia associated with masseter of muscle
I - Skin at angle of mouth
Term
Risorius - Action
Definition
Draws corner of lips laterally
Term
Zygomaticus - Description
Definition
Muscle pair extending diagonally from cheekbone to corner of mouth
Term
Zygomaticus - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Zygomatic bone
I - Skin and muscle at corner of mouth
Term
Zygomaticus - Action
Definition
Smiling muscle
Term
Platysma - Description
Definition
Unpaired, thin, sheetlike superficial neck muscle, not strictly a head muscle but plays a role in facial expression
Term
Platysma - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Fascia of chest (over pectoral muscles and deltoid)
I - Lower margin of mandible, and skin and muscle at corner of mouth
Term
Platysma - Action
Definition
Helps depress mandible, pulls lower lip back and down.
ie produces doward sag of mouth, tenses skin of neck (during shaving)
Term
Muscles of the Scalp and Face
Definition
Epicranius (frontal and occipital belly), orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, risorius, zygomaticus, platysma
Term
Muscles of Mastication
Definition
Masseter, temporalis
Term
Masseter - Description
Definition
Powerful muscle that covers lateral aspect of mandibular foramen
Term
Masseter - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Zygomatic arch and maxilla
I - Angle and Ramus of Mandible
Term
Masseter - Action
Definition
Prime mover of jaw closure, elevates mandible
Term
Temporalis - Description
Definition
Fan-shaped muscle that covers parts of the temporal, frontal, and parietal bones
Term
Temporalis - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Temporal fossa
I - coronoid process via a tendon that passes deep to zygomatic arch
Term
Temporalis - Action
Definition
Closes jaw, elevates and retracts mandible, syngergist of pterygoids in side to side movements, maintains position of the mandible at rest
Term
Muscles that Move the Head and Vertebral Column
Definition
Sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis
Term
Sternocleidomastoid - Description
Definition
Two-headed muscle located deep to platysma on anterolateral surface of neck; fleshy parts on either side of the neck delineate limits of anterior and posterior triangles, key muscular landmark in neck
Term
Sternocleidomastoid - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Manubrium of sternum and medial portion of clavicle
I - Mostoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone
Term
Sternocleidomastoid - Action
Definition
Prime mover of active head flexion
Term
Splenius capitis - Description
Definition
Broad bipartite superficial muscles extending from upper thoracic vertebrae to skull, capitis portion known as "bandage muscle" because it covers and holds down deeper neck muscles
Term
Splenius capitis - Origins/Insertions
Definition
O - Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes of vertebrae C7-T6
I - Mastoid process of temporal bone and occipital bone
Term
Splenius capitis - Action
Definition
Act as a group to extend or hyperextend head, when splenius muscles on one side are activated, head is rotated and bent laterally toward same side
Term
Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
Definition
External oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, linea alba (not a muscle)
Term
External Oblique - Description
Definition
Largest and most superficial of the three lateral muscles; fibers run downward and medially (same direction outstretched fingers take when hands put into pants pockets)
Term
External Oblique - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Pubic crest and symphysis
I - Xyphoid processes and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Term
External Oblique - Action
Definition
WHen pair contract simultaneously, aid rectus abdominis muscles in flexin vertebral column and in compressing abdominal wall and increasing intrabdominal pressure, acting individually aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flexion, used in oblique curls
Term
Internal Oblique - Description
Definition
Most fibers run upward and medially, however, the muscle fan so its inferior fibers run downward and medially
Term
Internal Oblique - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Lumbar fascia, iliac crest, and inguinal ligament
I - lineal alba, pubic crest, last three or four ribs, and costal margin
Term
Internal Oblique - Action
Definition
When pair contract simultaneously, aid rectus abdominis muscles in flexing vertebral column and in compressing abdominal wall and increasing intrabdominal pressure, acting individually aid muscles of back in trunk rotation and lateral flextion, used in oblique curls
Term
Transversus abdominis - Description
Definition
Deepest innermost muscle of abdominal wall, fibers run horizontally
Term
Transversus abdominis - Origins/Insertions
Definition
O - inguinal ligament, lumbar fascia, cartilages of last six ribs, iliac crest
I - Linea alba, pubic crest
Term
Transversus abdominis - Action
Definition
Compresses abdominal contents
Term
Rectus abdominis - Description
Definition
Medial superficial muscle pair, extend from pubis to ribcage, enshated by aponeuroses of lateral muscles, segmented by 3 tendinous insertions
Term
Rectus abdominis - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Pubic crest and symphysis
I - Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of ribs 5-7
Term
Rectus abdominis - Action
Definition
Flex and rotate lumbar region of vertebral column, fix and depress ribs, stabilize pelvis during walking, increase intraabdominal pressure, used in sit-ups
Term
Linea Alba - Description
Definition
Tendinous raphe (seam) that is formed by the rectus abdominis muscles fusing
Term
Linea Alba - Origin/Insertion
Definition
Runs from the sternum to the pubic symphysis
Term
Muscles of the Thorax
Definition
Serratus anterior, pectoralis minor, trapezius, rhomboids major and minor
Term
Serratus Anterior - Description
Definition
Fan-shaped muscle lies deep to scapula, bneath and inferior to pectoral muscles on lateral rib cage, forms medial wall of axilla, origins have serated or sawtooth appearance, paralysis results in "winging" of vertebral border of scapula away from chest wall, making arm elevation impossible
Term
Serratus Anterior - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - by a series of muscle slips from ribs 1-8/9
I - entire anterior surface of vertebral border of scapula
Term
Serratus Anterior - action
Definition
Prime mover to protract and hold scapula against chest wall, rotates scapula so that its inferior angle moves laterally and upward; raises point of shoulder, important role in abduction and raising of arm and in horizontal arm movements (pushing, punching "boxer's muscle"
Term
Pectoralis Minor - Description
Definition
Flat, thin muscle directly beneath and obscured by pectoralis major
Term
Pectoralis Minor - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Anterior surfaces of ribs 3-5 or 2-4
I - Coracoid process of scapula
Term
Pectoralis Minor - Action
Definition
With ribs fixed, draws scapula forward and downward, with scapula fixed, draws rib cage superiorly
Term
Trapezius - Description
Definition
Most superfical muscle of posterior thorax, flat and triangular in shape, upper fibers run superior to scapula, middle fibers run horizontally to scapula, lower fibers run inferiorly to scapula
Term
Trapezius - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O-occipital bone, ligamentum nuchae, spines of C7 and all thoracic vertebrae
I - A continuous insertion along acromion and spine of scapula and lateral third of clavicle
Term
Trapezius - Action
Definition
Stabilizes, raises, retracts, and rotates scapula. Middle fibers retract (adduct) scapula, superior fibers elevate scapula (as in shrugging the shoulders), or can help extend head with scapula fixes, inferior fibers depress scapula and shoulder
Term
Rhomboids Major and Minor - Description
Definition
Two rectangular muscles lying deep to trapezius and inferior to levator scapulae, rhomboid minor is the more superior muscle
Term
Rhomboids Major and Minor - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - Spinous processes of C7 and T1 (minor) and spinous processes of T2-T5 (major)
I - medial border of scapula
Term
Rhomboids Major and Minor - Action
Definition
Act together (and with middle trapezius fibers) to retract scapula, thus "squaring shoulders", rotate glenoid cavity of scapula downward (as when arm is lowered against resistance eg paddling a canoe) stabilize scapula
Term
Muscles that Move the Forearm
Definition
biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis, triceps brachii, pronator teres
Term
Muscles that Move the Arm
Definition
Pectoralis major, latissiums dorsi, teres major, deltoid, subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor
Term
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Definition
Subscapularis, infraspinatus, supraspinatus, teres minor
Term
Pectoralis Major - Description
Definition
Large, fan0shaped muscle covering upper prtion of chest, forms anterior axillary fold, divided into clavicular and sternal parts
Term
Pectoralis Major - Origin/Insertion
Definition
O - sternal end of clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 1-6/7, and aponeurosis of external oblique muscle
I - fibers converge to insert by a short tendon into greater tubercle of humerus
Term
Pectoralis Major - Action
Definition
Prime mover of arm flexion, rotates arm medially, adducts arm against resistance, with scapula (and arm) fixed, uplls rib cage upward, thus can help in climbing, throwing, pushing
Term
Latissimus dorsi - Description
Definition
Broad, flat, triangular muscle of lower back (lumbar region), extensive superfical origins, covered by trapezius superiorly, contributes to the posterior wall of axilla
Term
Latissimus dorsi - O/I
Definition
O - Indirect attachment via lumbodorsal fascia into spines of lower six thoracic vertebrae, lumbar vertebrae, lower 3 to 4 ribs, and iliac crest
Term
Latissiums Dorsi - Action
Definition
Primve mover of arm extension, power arm adductor, medially rotates arm at shoulder, depresses scapula
Useful in bringing the arm down in a power stroke eg hammering, swimming, rowing. With arms fixed overhead it pulls the rest of the body upward and foward
Term
Teres Major - Description
Definition
Thick, rounded muscle, located inferior to teres minor, helps to form posterior wall of axilla (along with latissimus dorsi and subscapularis)
Term
Teres Major - O/I
Definition
O - Posterior surface of scapula at inferior angle
I - Intertubercular sulcus of the humerus, insertion tendon fused with that of latissiums dorsi
Term
Teres Major - Action
Definition
Posteriomedially extends, medially rotates, and adducts humerus, synergist of latissium dorsi
Term
Deltoid - Description
Definition
Thick, multipennate muscle forming rounded shoulder muscle mass, responsible for roundness of shoulder,
Term
Deltoid - O/I
Definition
O - Embraces insertion of the trapezius, laterael third of clavicle, acromion and spine of scapula
I - deltoid tuberosity of humerus
Term
Deltoid - Action
Definition
Prime mover of arm abduction when all its fibers contract simultaneously. Antagonist of pectoralis major and latissiums dorsi which adduct the arm. IF only anterior fibers are active can act powerfully in flexion and medial rotation of humerus, therefore synergist of pectoralis major. If only psterior fibers are active, effects extension and lateral rotation of arm; active during rhythimc arm swinging movements during walking
Term
Subscapularis - Description
Definition
Forms part of posterior wall of axilla, tendon of insertion passes in front of shoulder joint, rotator cuff muscle
Term
Subscapularis - O/I
Definition
O - Subscapular fossa of scapula
I - lesser tubercle of humerus
Term
Subscapularis - Action
Definition
Chief medial rotator of humerus, assisted by pectoralis major, helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity thereby stabilizing the shoulder joint
Term
Infranspinatus - Description
Definition
Partially covered by deltoid and trapezius, named for its scapular location. Rotator cuff muscle
Term
Infranspinatus - O/I
Definition
O - infraspinous fossa of scapula
I - greater tubercle of humerus posterior to insertion of supraspinatus
Term
Infranspinatus - Action
Definition
Helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stablizing teh shoulder joint, rotates humerus laterally
Term
Supraspinatus - Description
Definition
Named for its location on posterior aspect of scapula, deep to trapezius, a rotator cuff muscle
Term
Supraspinatus - O/I
Definition
O - supraspinous fossa of scapula
I - superior part of greater tubercle of humerus
Term
Supraspinatus - Action
Definition
Stablizes shoulder joint, helps to prevent downward dislocation of humerus. assists in abduction
Term
Teres minor - Description
Definition
Small, elongated muscle, lies inferior to infraspinatus and may be inseparable from that muscle, a rotator cuff muscle
Term
Teres minor - O/I
Definition
O - Lateral border of dorsal scapular surface
I - Greater tubercle of humerus inferior to infraspinatus insertion
Term
Teres minor - Action
Definition
Same actions as infranspinatus muscle, adducts arm. Helps to hold head of humerus in glenoid cavity, stablizing teh shoulder joint, rotates humerus laterally
Term
Biceps Brachii - Description
Definition
Two-headed fusiform muscle, bellies unite as insertion point is approached, tendon of long head helps stabilize shoulder joint
Term
Biceps Brachii - O/I
Definition
O-short head: coracoid process. long head: tubercle above and lip of glenoid cavity, tendon of long head runs within capsule and into intertubercular sulcus of humerus
I - by common tendon into radial tuberosity
Term
Biceps Brachii - Action
Definition
Flexes elbow joint and supinates forearm, these actions usually occur at same time (eg opening a bottle of wine), weak flexor of arm at shoulder
Term
Brachialis: Description
Definition
Strong muscle that is immediately deep to biceps brachii on distal humerus
Term
Brachialis: O/I
Definition
O - Front of distal humerus, embraces insertion of deltoid muscle
I - Coronoid process of ulna
Term
Brachialis: Action
Definition
A major forearm flexor (lifts ulna as biceps lift the radius)
Term
Brachioradialis - Description
Definition
Superficial muscle of lateral forearm, forms lateral boundary of antecubital fossa, extends from distal humerus to distal forearm
Term
Brachioradialis - O/I
Definition
O - lateral supracondylar ridge at distal end of humerus
I - base of styloid process of radius
Term
Brachioradialis - Action
Definition
Syngergist in forearm flexion, acts to best advantage when forearm is partially flexed and semi pronated, during rapid flexion and extension, stabilizes the elbow
Term
Triceps Brachii - Description
Definition
Large fleshy muscle, the only muscle of posterior compartment of arm, three headed origin, long and lateral heads lie superficial to medial head
Term
Triceps Brachii - O/I
Definition
O - Long Head: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula. Lateral Head: Posterior shaft of humerus. Medial Head: Posterior humeral shaft distal to radial groove
I - By common tendon into olecranon process of ulna
Term
Triceps Brachii - Action
Definition
Powerful forearm extensor of forearm flexors, long and lateral heads mainly active in extension against resistance. Long head tendon may help stabilize shoulder joint and assist in arm adduction
Term
Pronator Teres - Description
Definition
Two headed muscle, seen in superficial view between proximal margins of brachioridalis and flexor carpi radialis; forms medial boundary of antecubital fossa.
Term
Pronator Teres - O/I
Definition
O - medial epicondyle of humerus, coronoid process of ulna
I - by common tendon into lateral radius, midshaft
Term
Pronator Teres - Action
Definition
Pronates forearm, weak flexor of elbow
Term
Origin vs Insertion
Definition
Origin: structure that the origin is attached to is not moved by the contraction of the muscle
Insertion: attaches to the structure that will be moved by the contraction of the muscle.
Term
Flexor carpi radialis - Description
Definition
Runs diagonally across forearm
Term
Flexor carpi radialis - O/I
Definition
O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: Base of second and third metacarpals
Term
Flexor carpi radialis - Action
Definition
Flexor of wrist, abducts hand, synergist of elbow flexion
Term
Palmaris Longus - O/I
Definition
O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: Palmar aponeurosis, skin and fascia of palm
Term
Palmaris Longus - Action
Definition
Weak wrist flexor, tense skin and fascia of palm during hand movement, weak synergist for elbow flexion
Term
Pronator teres - Description
Definition
Between brachioradialis and flexor carpi radialis
Term
Pronator teres - O/I
Definition
O: medial epicondyle of humerus; coronoid process of ulan
I: radius
Term
Pronator teres - Action
Definition
Pronates forearm, weak elbow flexor
Term
Flexor carpi ulnaris - O/I
Definition
O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus, olecranon process and posterior surface of ulna
I: Base of fifth metacarpal
Term
Flexor carpi ulnaris - Action
Definition
Powerful flexor of wrist, adducts hand, stabilizes wrist
Term
extensor carpi ulnaris - O/I
Definition
O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of ulna
I: Base of fifth metacarpal
Term
extensor carpi ulnaris - Action
Definition
Extends wrist and adducts wrist
Term
extensor digitorum - O/I
Definition
O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: Four tendons into extensor expansions and distal phalanges of fingers 2-5
Term
extensor digitorum - Action
Definition
Prime mover of finger extension, extends wrist, can abduct (Flare) fingers
Term
Muscles that move the hand
Definition
Flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus
Term
Muscles that move the thigh
Definition
Psoas major, ilacus, gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, tensor fasciae latae, iliotibial tract, gracilis, adductors longus, adductor magnus, pectineus
Term
Psoas major - O/I
Definition
O: Transverse processes, discs of lumbar vertebrae and vertebrae and T12
I: Lesser trochanter of femur via iliopsoas tendon
Term
Psoas major - Action
Definition
Effects lateral flexion of vertebral column, important postural muscle
Term
Iliacus - O/I
Definition
O: Iliac fossa and crest, lateral sacrum
I: Femur on and immediately below lesser trochanter of femur via ilopsoas tendon
Term
Iliacus - Action
Definition
Prime mover for flexing thigh for flexing trunk on thigh during a bow
Term
Gluteus medius - O/I
Definition
O: Bewteen anterior and posterior gluteal lines on lateral surface of ilium
I: By short tendon into lateral aspect of greater trochanter of femur
Term
Gluteus medius - Action
Definition
Abducts and medially rotates thigh, steadies pelvis
Term
Gluteus Maximus - O/I
Definition
O: Dorsal ilium, sacrum, and coccyx
I: Gluteal tuberosity of femur, illotibal tract
Term
Gluteus Maximus - Action
Definition
Major extensor of the thigh
Term
Tensor fasciae latae - O/I
Definition
O: Anterior aspect of iliac crest and anterior superior iliac spine
I: Illotibial tract
Term
Tensor fasciae latae - Action
Definition
Flexes and abducts thight, rotates thigh medially
Term
Gracilis - O/I
Definition
O: Inferior ramus and body of pubic and ischial ramus
I: Medial surface of tibia just inferior to its medial condyle
Term
Gracilis - Action
Definition
Adducts thigh, flexes and medially rotates thigh
Term
Adductor longus - O/I
Definition
O: Pubis near pubic symphysis
I: Linea aspera
Term
Adductor longus - Action
Definition
Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
Term
Adductor magnus - O/I
Definition
O: Ischial and pubic rami and ischial tuberosity
I: Linea aspera and adductor tubercle of femur
Term
Adductor magnus - Action
Definition
Adducts, medially rotates, and flexes thigh
Term
Pectineus - O/I
Definition
O: Pectineal line of pubic and superior ramus
I: Inferior from lesser trochanter to the linea aspera of posterior aspect of femur
Term
Pectineus - Action
Definition
Adducts, flexes, and medially rotates thigh
Term
Muscles that move the leg
Definition
Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranous, sartorius, rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Term
Hamstring group
Definition
biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosous
Term
Quadriceps femoris group
Definition
Rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
Term
Rectus femoris - O/I
Definition
O: Anterior inferior iliac spine and superior margin of acetabulum
I: Patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Term
Rectus Femoris - Action
Definition
Extends knee and flexes thigh at hip
Term
Vastus lateralis - O/I
Definition
O: Greater trochanter, linea aspera
I: patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Term
Vastus lateralis - action
Definition
Extends and stabilizes the knee
Term
Vastus Medialis - O/I
Definition
O: linea aspera
I: patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Term
Vastus medialis - Action
Definition
extends knee, stabilizes patella
Term
Vastus Intermedius - O/I
Definition
O: Anterior and lateral surfaces of proximal femur shaft
I: patella and tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament
Term
Vastus Intermedius - Action
Definition
Extends knee
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