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Human Morphology and Function test 4
lecture 17
88
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/19/2014

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Term
Meninges layers from vertebral Forman
Definition
Epidural space, dura mater, subdural space, arachnoid mater, subarachnoid space, pia mater
Term
Epidural space makeup
Definition
Fat,connective tissue, blood vessels
Term
Dura mater makeup
Definition
Dense irregular connective tissue
Term
Subdural space makeup
Definition
Interstitial fluid
Term
Arachnoid mater
Definition
Elastic and collagen fibers
Term
Subarachnoid space makeup
Definition
CSF
Term
Pia mater makeup
Definition
Thin, transparent layer, locked in place by astrocytes and extensions of glial cells
Term
Cervical enlargement suppliers
Definition
Upper appendages
Term
Lumbosacral enlargements suppliers
Definition
Lower appendages
Term
Conus medullaris makeup
Definition
Caudal equina, filum terminale
Term
Filum terminale
Definition
Pia mater extension
Term
Cauda equina
Definition
Spinal nerves arising from spinal cord
Term
Spinal cord divisions
Definition
Cervical: 1-8
Thoracic: 1-12
Lumbar: 1-5
Sacral: 1-5
Term
Divides internal spinal cord in half
Definition
Posterior median sulcus and anterior median fissure
Term
Grey mater anatomy
Definition
Anterior/posterior horns, gray commissure, central canal, neuron cell bodies w/i spinal cord
Term
Central canal makeup
Definition
Contains CSF and extends entire canal
Term
White mater sections
Definition
Anterior column, posterior column, lateral column (funiculi), distinct nerve bundle fibers
Term
Dorsal (posterior root) connections
Definition
Sensory, cell body in dorsal root ganglion
Term
Ventral (anterior root) connections
Definition
Motor, cell bodies in grey mater
Term
Cervical plexus
Definition
Cervical: C1-C4
Brachial: C5-T1
Lumbar: T12-L4
Sacral: L4-S4
Term
Endoneurium
Definition
Surrounds nerve fiber
Term
Perineurium
Definition
Surrounds fascicles
Term
Epineurium
Definition
Surrounds entire nerve
Term
White mater purpose
Definition
Conduct nerve impulses
Term
Grey mater purpose
Definition
Center for spinal reflexes
Term
Major ascending tracts
Definition
Fasciculus gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, anterior spinothalamic, lateral spinothalamic, anterior spinal cerebellar tract, posterior spinal cerebellar tract
Term
Fasciculus gracilis and fasciculus cuneatus
Definition
Pathway: dorsal root ganglion-> posterior column -> medulla decussation -> sensory cortex Sense: proprioception, fine touch, pressure, vibration
Term
Anterior spinothalamic
Definition
Pathway: dorsal root ganglion -> decussate -> anterior column-> sensory cortex Sense: crude touch, pressure
Term
Lateral Spinothalamic tract
Definition
Pathway: dorsal root ganglion-> decussate-> lateral column -> sensory cortex sense: pain, temperature
Term
Anterior spinal cerebellar tract
Definition
Pathway: dorsal root ganglion-> decussate-> lateral column-> medulla (decussate)-> cerebellum
senses: proprioception
Term
posterior spinal cerebellar tract
Definition
Pathway: dorsal root ganglion-> lateral column-> cerebellum
Term
Major Descending tracts
Definition
pyramidal (corticospinal), extrapyramidal (rubrospinal,vestibulospinal,tectospinal,recticulospinal)
Term
descending tract motor activity classes
Definition
somatic and autonomic
Term
Somatic nervous system
Definition
Controls skeletal muscle activity,
Pathway: upper motor neuron (cell body primary motor cortex) -> lower motor neuron (cell body in brainstem/spinal cord) -> neuromuscular junction
*LOWER MOTOR NEURON EXCITATORY*
Term
Autonomic Nervous system
Definition
Controls smooth/cardic/glandular
Pathway: Visceral motor neuron (in hypothalamus) -> preganglionic neuron (in brainstem or spinal cord) -> postganglionic neuron (in peripheral ganglion-> neuromuscular junction
#MAY STIMULATE OR INHIBIT*
Term
Pyramidal (corticospinal)
Definition
Lateral and Anterior columns
Control: precise, voluntary motor control of skeletal muscles
Term
Anterior Corticospinal Pathway (descending)
Definition
Pathway For Anterior columns: Primary Motor Cortex -> anterior column -> Decussate-> anterior horn-> muscle
Term
Lateral Corticospinal Pathway (descending)
Definition
Pathway for Lateral Column: Primary Motor Cortex-> Medulla (decussate)-> lateral column-> ipsilateral exit out anterior horn-> muscle
Term
Extrapyrimidal
Definition
Rubrospinal, vestibulospinal,tectospinal,reticulospinal
Control: Subconscious motor activity. motor tone, posture, coordination of movements
Pathway: in anterior and lateral columns
Term
vestibulospinal
Definition
Pathway: vestibular nucleus-> spinal cord anterior horn
Control: subconscious control of balance and muscle tone
Term
Tectospinal tract
Definition
Pathway: Superior/inferior colliculus-> spinal cord anterior horn
Control: subconscious control of eye, head and neck position
Term
Reticulospinal
Definition
Pathway: reticular formation-> anterior horns
Control: subconscious control of reflex activity
Term
Rubrospinal
Definition
Pathway: red nucleus-> anterior spinal horns
Control: Subconscious control of upper limb tone and movement
Term
Motor control integration locations
Definition
motor cortex, basal ganglia and cerebellum
Term
alpha motor neuron (Lower motor neuron)
Definition
Supplies skeletal muscles
nuclei in spinal cord anterior horn
large soma
variable motor unit size
Term
Factors that control muscle force
Definition
Motor unit recruitment, temporal summation
Term
Intrafusal fiber makeup
Definition
Nuclear bag: nuclei clustered at midpoint
nuclear chain: single row of nuclei
Innervations: group 1 a afferent, group 2 afferent, gamma motor neuron
Term
Group 1 a afferent
Definition
spiral enderings
rate of stretch
Term
group 2 afferent
Definition
spray endings
signal muscle length
Term
gamma motor
Definition
efferent control of intrafusal fibers
reduce responsiveness of receptor
Term
Passive stretch
Definition
Spindle stretched, group 2 afferent constant output
Term
alpha motor stimulation
Definition
muscles contract, spindle relaxes
group 2 afferent- decreased output
Term
alpha and gamma motor neuron stimulation
Definition
group 2 afferent- constant output
group 1a afferent-phasic change
Term
Golgi tendon organ
Definition
structure: spray afferent nerve endings in tendons, joints and connective tissue, innervated by group 1b fibers
Function: respond to stretch, high threshold
Term
Negative feedback muscle control activity
Definition
fine tunes motor response, servo-control system
Term
Spinal reflexes
Definition
fast, predictable, autonomic responses
viscerovisceral, viscerosomatic,somatovisceral, somatosomatic
Term
viscerovisceral
Definition
sensory and effector are both visceral, unconscious
ex baroreceptor
Term
viscerosomatic
Definition
sensory-visceral, effector-somatic, unconscious of sensing but conscious of result
ex. abdomincal cramping following appendix rupture
Term
somatovisceral
Definition
sensory-somatic, effector-visceral, aware of initial sensory response
ex. vasoconstriction following cutaneous cooling
Term
somatosomatic
Definition
sensory-somatic, visceral-somatic, conscious
ex. knee tap reflex
Term
monosynaptic neurons
Definition
2 neurons
knee tap
Term
polysynaptic neurons
Definition
>2 neurons
withdrawl
Term
monosynaptic neurons
Definition
2 neurons
knee tap
Term
polysynaptic neurons
Definition
>2 neurons
withdrawl
Term
Reflex arc components
Definition
receptor, sensory neuron, integrating center, motor neuron, effector
Term
reflex receptor stimulus
Definition
pain, pressure, stretch, etc
Term
intergrating center for reflex arc
Definition
monosynaptic: single synapse in gray matter polysynaptic: one or more associations (interneurons)
Term
Phasic stretch relfex- monosynpatic (knee jerk) Pathway
Definition
Activates stretch receptor Grp 1a, Pathway: muscle spindles (receptor)-> sensory neuron (group 1a)-> posterior horn-> ipsilateral cross to anterior horn
Term
Phasic stretch reflex- monosynpatic (knee jerk) control
Definition
maintain tone and balance Jendrasik Maneuver
Term
Tonic stretch reflex (monosynaptic/polysynaptic)
Definition
Receptors are group 1a and 2a fibers from muscle spindle
result of slow stretch and demonstrated by induced hinge movement
used to maintain posture, can test anesthesia amount
Term
tendon reflex (polysynaptic)
Definition
receptor is the golgi tendon
activates inhibitory association neurons in cord
Term
tendon reflex (polysynaptic)function
Definition
inhibits ipsilateral muscle activity
prevents tendon damage due to stretch
Term
H. withdrawl and crossed extensor reflex (polysynaptic) receptor
Definition
initiated by pain receptor
Term
H. withdrawl and crossed extensor reflex (polysynaptic) pathway
Definition
posterior horn-> spinal cord-> association neuron-> ipsilateral cross-> limb flexor muscles-> limb withdrawl
Term
Crossed extensor reflex
Definition
initiated by association neuron
extension of contralateral muscles at same level
polysynaptic (ipsilateral-flexor grps and contralateral-extensor grps)
significant latency and duration
allows placing weight on opposite limb
Term
reflex evaluation value
Definition
evaluate level of anesthesia, evaluate degree of intervertebral disk compression, evaluate muscular weakness and disorders.
Term
stages of spinal shock
Definition
initial areflexia (24 hrs)-> denervation supersensitivity (day 1-3)-> hyperreflexia (1-4 weeks)
Term
initial areflexia
Definition
all reflexes lost below spinal cord injury
due to loss of descending excitatory reflexes
Term
denervatin supersensitivity
Definition
hyperactive stretch and flexion reflexes
return of polysynaptic then monosynaptic reflex
due to loss of descending inhibitory input
Term
hyperreflexia
Definition
abnormally large reflexes with minimal stimulation
axons and cell bodies sprout new dendritic connectivity
Term
babinski sign
Definition
plantar stimulation results in extensor reflex
occurs wih damage to corticospinal tract (upper motor neuron)
found in newborn infants
Term
decerebrate rigidity
Definition
transection of brainstem- exaggerated extensor activity, results in hyperactive stretch reflexes
condision reversed by transection of forsal root, no efferent activity
Term
postural reflexes
Definition
normal reflexes assisting postural adjustments
receptors include vestibular apparatus, cranial proprioreceptors
vestibuloocular reflex,macula stimulation
Term
vestibuloocular reflex
Definition
eyes turned in opposite direction of head turning
maintains focus

nystagmus
vestibular placing reaction
Term
nystagmus
Definition
occurs when head movement exceeds visual field
alternating slow and fast movement
Term
vestibular placing reaction
Definition
stimulation of macula results in forelimb extension
preparation for landing
Term
postural reflex locomotion
Definition

spinal cord maintains locomotory pattern osscillating circuts

tonic activity in descending pathways converted to rhythmic discharge to alpha motor neurons by spinal cord activity

foot pad pressure facilitates alternating efferent activity

Term
Jendrassik maneuver
Definition
tests reflex inhibition, gives a more dramatic response b/c you're not thinking of the knee-jerk reaction.
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