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Human Gross Anatomy (CSU)
Exam III - Head & Neck
81
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/31/2011

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Cards

Term
Give the two basic subdivisions of the skull.
Definition
  • neurocranium - surrounds brain
  • facial skeleton
Term
Give the cavities of the skull.
Definition
  • orbital - globe of eye
  • nasal
  • cranial
  • middle ear
Term
Give the sinuses of the skull.
Definition
  • frontal
  • maxillary
  • sphenoid
  • ethmoid
Term
Describe the types of articulations found in the skull.
Definition
  • fiberous - nonmoveable sutures
  • synovial joints - hinge & gliding of the mouth (TMJ)
Term
Name the three prominent sutures of the cranium.
Definition
  • coronal
  • sagittal
  • lambdoid
Term
Describe the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
Definition
The condylar process rests in the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone when the mouth is closed. When the mouth is opened the articular disc moves forward out of the mandibular fossa with the condylar process.
Term
Describe the three cranial fossa and a prominenet bondy landmark of each.
Definition
  • anterior cranial fossa - supports frontal lobe; cribiform plate
  • middle cranial fossa - supports tempral lobes; foramina & sella turcica
  • posterior cranial fossa - supports cerebellum & brainstem; foramen magnum & jugular foramen
Term
Define the pterion, bregma, and lambda.
Definition
  • pterion - frontal, parietal, temporal, & sphenoidal bone meet
  • bregma - coronal & sagittal sutures meet
  • lambda - sagittal & lambdoid sutures meet
Term
Describe the thress major subdivisions of the brain and give their primary functions.
Definition
  • brainstem - medulla: vital reflexes; pons: vital reflexes; midbrain: auditory & visual reflexes
  • cerebellum (little brain) - controls ongoing movements, non-concious
  • cerebrum - concious perception: cognition, higher motor functions (blueprints), memory & learning, emotion, behavior, language
Term
Give four characteristics, function and anatomy of the cerebrum.
Definition
  • contralateral perception/control - opposite side
  • somatotopy (body map) - correspondence of receptor location & location of processing in cerebrum (motor & sensory)
  • gyri & sulci - ridges & grooves (increase surface area)
  • basal nuclei (ganglia) - inner layer involved in movement & appropriatness
Term
Describe the four lobes of the cerebrum, their position to each other and their function.
Definition
  • frontal - personality, reasoning, planning, motor outflow (primary cortex is precentral gyris)
  • parietal - primary somatosensory cortex = postcentral gyris
  • occipital - vision
  • tempral - memory & auditory
Term
Describe the grey matter of the cerebrum, its location/function.
Definition

grey matter = neuronal cell bodies

cortex = outer layer

Term
Describe the white matter of the cerebrum, its different fiber tracts and their destinations.
Definition
  • association fibers - connect lobe of single hemesphere
  • commiserol fibers - connect hemespheres (corpus colloseum)
  • projection fibers - go to and from the spinal cord
Term
Define "functional localization".
Definition
Nerves that are together in certain parts of the body are also found together in the brain.
Term
Name the branches off the aortic arch that give rise to the head's blood supply.
Definition
  • brachiocephalic trunk
  • subclavian arteries (upper limb)
  • common carotid arteries (head)
  • external carotid arteries (face)
  • internal carotid arteries (brain)
  • vertibral arterires (brain)
Term
Give the distribution of and name and identify the primary branches of the external carotid artery which supply the face.
Definition
  • superior thyroid artery - thyroid gland, larynx, neck
  • lingual artery - tongue
  • facial artery
  • occipital artery - post. scalp & post. neck
  • maxillary branch - nasal/oral cavities, teeth, gums
  • inferior aveolar artery - teeth, gums
  • middle meningeal artery - dura mater
  • superficial temporal artery - scalp
Term
Describe the functions of the cranial meninges.
Definition
  • compartmentalize the brain to reduce movement
  • venous sinuses won't collapse
Term
Draw and label the cerebral arterial circle.
Definition
[image]
Term
Name and describe the individual layers of the meninges surrounding the brain; know how they differ from those of the spinal cord.
Definition
  • periosteal (outer) - stuck to skull
  • meningeal (inner) - infolds on itself
  • dura mater in spinal cord is one layer
Term
Name the different dural infoldings and their associated venous sinuses.
Definition
  • falx cerebri (vertical) - superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight
  • falx cerebelli (vertical)
  • tentorium cerebelli (horizontal) - transverse
Term
Describe the flow of venous blood from the brain; include descriptions of the major dural sinuses.
Definition

Sup. sagittal, inf. sagittal, and straight to confluens

confluens to transverse to sigmoid to internal jugular

 

covernous to sup. petrosal and inf. petrosal

sup. petrosal to transverse to sigmoid to internal jugular

inf. petrosal to internal jugular

Term
What is unusual about the veins of the face and dural sinuses - are there any connections between the two?
Definition
  • no valves in the dural sinueses
  • facial nerves (VII) make connections with sinuses
Term
Describe the two possible routes of arterial blood in the brain.
Definition
  • 99% to brain tissue
  • 1% to cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Term
Describe the production of CSF, include a description of the choroid plexus.
Definition
  1. arterial blood (choroidal artery)
  2. choroid plexus (modified capillaries) in ventricles of brain filter the blood (energy dependent)
Term
Describe the circulation of CSF, beginning with its production at the choroid plexuses and ending with its reabsorption into the blood.
Definition

choroid plexus > lateral ventricle > interventricular foramen > 3rd ventricle > cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of the midbrain) > 4th ventricle > central canal of spinal cord

 

or 4th ventricle > subarachnoid space > arachnoid granulations > superior sagittal sinus

Term
Describe hydrocephalus, its causes, include possible sites of blockage and accumulation of CSF.
Definition
  • Hydrocephalus - the buildup of CSF in the ventricles or cavities of the brain
  • causes - blocked CSF pathways
  • blockage sites - interventricular foramen, cerebral aqueduct (aqueduct of the midbrain), arachnoid granulations
  • accumulation - lateral ventricles, 3rd ventricle, subarachnoid space
Term
Name the twelve pairs of cranial nerves and give a brief description of the function of each.
Definition
  1. olfactory - smell
  2. optic - vision
  3. oculomotor - extra ocular muscles, pupil constriction, lens accomodation
  4. trochlear - extra ocular muscles
  5. trigeminal - skin on face, cornea, teeth, anterior 2/3 tongue, muscles of mastication
  6. abducent - extra ocular muscles
  7. facial - muscles of expression, ear canal, prart of auricle, taste (ant. 2/3 tongue, chorda tympani), lacrimal glands, submanidular & sublingual salivary glands
  8. vestibulocochlear - hearing & balance
  9. glossopharygeal - pharyngeal muscles, wall of pharynx, post 1/3 tongue, taste (post 1/3 tongue), parotid salivary gland
  10. vagus - pharyngeal muscles, laryngeal muscles, ear canal, taste (base of tongue), thoracic & abdominal viscera
  11. spinal accessory - trapezius muscle, sternoclediomastoid muscle
  12. hypoglossal - muscles of tongue

 

Term
Describe the differences between cranial nerves and spinal nerves.
Definition
  • CN - somatic (skeletal muscles), autonomic (parasympathetic only), special sense (ie. taste)
  • SN - somatic, autonomic, no special sense

 

Term
Give the muscles of facial expression and describe their action.
Definition
  • frontalis - raise eyebrows
  • levator labii superioris - lift nose
  • zygomatic - smile
  • obicularis oculi - shut eyes (orbital/palpebral)
  • obicularis oris - kissing
  • depressor anguli oris - frown

 

Term
What is unusual about the superficial fascia of the face, of the scalp?
Definition
  • face - loose & moves around
  • s = skin
  • c = connective tissue
  • a = epicranial aponeurosis
  • l = loose layer of connective tissue
  • p = periosteum
Term
Describe the general sensory and motor functions of the facial nerve.
Definition
  • sensory - taste (ant. 2/3 tongue)
  • motor - muscles of expression

 

Term
Describe the special sense function of the facial nerve.
Definition
chorda tympani - taste (ant. 2/3 tongue)
Term
Identify the muscles of mastication and describe their action.
Definition
  • temporalis - closes & retracts
  • masseter - closes & protracts
  • med. pterygoid - closes & protracts
  • lat. pterygoid - opens & protracts
Term
Describe the branches of the trigeminal nerve including any named nerves discussed in lecture and/or lab.
Definition
  • ophthalmic (V1) - eye, forehead & nose skin, cornea, meninges, frontal sinus, supraorbital nerve
  • maxillary (V2) - upper mouth, cheek skin, meninges, upper teeth, nasal cavity, throat, infraorbital nerve
  • mandibular (V3) - muscles of mastication, mandible skin, mucus membranes of mouth, TMJ, eardrum, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, mental nerve
Term
Define the "pharynx".
Definition
Musculomembranous space posterior to oral cavity and nasal cavity (throat).
Term
Define the boundaries and contents of the three subdivisions of the pharynx.
Definition
  • nasopharynx - base of skull to soft palate - nasal conchae, auditory tube opening, pharyngeal tonsils
  • oropharynx - soft palate to epiglottis - palatine tonsils, palatoglossal arch, palatophyrngeal arch
  • laryngopharynx - epiglottis to inferior aspect of larynx - vocal folds, vestibular folds
Term
What muscles form the pharynx? What is their action, attachments and nerve supply?
Definition

Constrictor Muscles - pharyngeal plexus

  • superior constrictor - A: terigomandibular raphe
  • middle constrictor - A: hyoid bone
  • inferior constrictor - A: thyroid cartilage
Term
What is the general motor and sensory supply to the pharynx?
Definition
  • motor: vagus (X)
  • sensory: glossopharyngeal (IX)
Term
What are the "tonsils" and where are they located?
Definition
  • tonsils - lymph sturctures (immune system)
  • palatine tonsils - back of the oral cavity
  • pharyngeal tonsils - back of the nasal cavity
Term
What are the "arches" of the oropharynx and what actually forms them?
Definition

Formed by muscles.

  • palatoglossal arch
  • palatophyrngeal arch
Term
What is a pattern generator?
Definition
Series of actions happen because of a single starting action (ie. swallowing)
Term
What are the general "problems" associated with swallowing and how are they solved?
Definition

Problems

  • trachea in line with oral cavity
  • do not want food in nasal cavity

Solutions

  • suprahyoids pull trachea forward & spiglottis is forced down
  • palatopharyngeus, palati & lavator muscles elevate soft palate (X)
Term
What muscles are involved in solving the problems associated with swallowing?
Definition
  • suprahyoids - pull trachea forward
  • palatopharyngeus - elevates soft palate
  • lavator palati - elevates soft palate
  • tensor palati - elevates soft palate 
Term
How is the auditory tube opened?
Definition
Tensor palati lifts the upper part of the opening.
Term
Give the stages of swallowing.
Definition
  1. Tongue forces food back into oropharynx (voluntary)
  2. Food moves from oropharynx to laryngopharynx - breathing and chewing stop, sup & middle constrictors move food inferiorly, pharyngeal muscles contract so food cannot enter nasopharynx, pharynx is stabilized by stylopharyngeus muscle, hyoid and larynx elevated and brought forward so spiglottis is forced down over top of larynx by suprahyoids (involuntary)
  3. Food moved from laryngopharynx to esophagus by inferior contrictors (involuntary) 
Term
Define the trigangles of the neck; include the important boundaries and contents of each.
Definition

Posterior Triangle

  • ant.: sternocleidomastoid
  • post.: trapezius
  • floor: scalene muscles
  • contents: bracio plexus, subclavian artery & vein

Anterior Triangle

  • ant.: midline of neck
  • post.: sternocleidomastoid
  • contents: thyroid glands, carotid artery, internal jugular vein, sympathetic trunk, vagus nerve hyoid muscles 

 

Term
Sternocleidomastoid
Definition

A: Sternum and clavicle

B: Mastoid process of the skull

INN: Accessory nerve (XI)

Action:

 - T: flexion of cervical spine

 - I: draw head to shoulder, rotate head 

Term
Scalene Muscles
Definition

A: Anterior - T.P. to C3-C6

     Middle - T.P. to C3-C7

     Posterior - T.P. of C5-C6

B: Anterior - first rib

     Middle - first rib

     Posterior - second rib

INN: cervical spinal nerves

Action: T - stabilize head, aid respiraion

             I - lateral neck flexion

Term
Sternohyoid
Definition

A: sternum

B: hyoid bone

INN: ventral rami C1-C3 spinal nerves (cervical plexus)

Action: depress hyoid bone

Term
Omohyoid
Definition

A: Superior border of scapula (near scapular notch)

B: Hyoid bone

INN: cervical plexus

Action: depress and retract hyoid bone

Term
Sternothyroid
Definition

A: sternum

B: thyroid cartilage

INN: cervical plexus

Action: depress throid cartilage

Term
Thyrohyoid
Definition

A: thyroid cartilage

B: hyoid bone

INN: cervical plexus

Action: depress hyoid bone or elevate thyroid cartilage

Term
Stylohyoid
Definition

A: styloid process of the skull

B: hyoid bone

INN: facial nerve (VII)

Action: raise and retract hyoid bone

Term
Mylohyoid
Definition

A: mandible

B: hyoid bone

INN: mandibular nerve (V3)

Action: raise tongue

Term
Digastrics
Definition

A: Mastoid notch (medial mastoid process)

B: mandible near symphysis

INN: anterior mandibular nerve (V3) & posterior facial nerve (VII)

Action: anterior - open mouth

             posterior - raise hoid bone

Term
Geniohyoid
Definition

A: mandible

B: hyoid bone

INN: cervical spinal nerves (C1-C2)

Action: elevate hyoid bone and base of tongue

Term
What structures are involved in "thoracic outlet syndrome"?
Definition
Compression of neurovascualr bundle passing between the anterior and middle scalene. Bracial plexus may also be compressed.
Term
What is a "neurovascualr bundle" and what are the contents of this "bundle" in the neck?
Definition
Neurovascular bundle is a bundle of nerves arteries and veins. In the neck it is made up of the vagus nerve, inferior jugular vein, and the common carotid artery.
Term
What are the primary target organs of the hyoid muscles?
Definition
  • larynx - suspension
  • tongue - support
Term
What daily activities are effected y the hyoid muscles?
Definition
swallowing, respiration, mastication, speech
Term
Give the functions of the larynx.
Definition
  • protective 'sphincter' of trachea
  • increase pressure of thorax - via abdomen (valsalva manuver)
  • phonation (raw sound)
Term
Describe the larynx in terms of the ligaments that compose it.
Definition
  • cricotrachial ligament
  • cricothyroid ligament
  • thyrohyoid membrane (several ligaments)
  • vocal ligament - arytenoid to thyroid cartilage
  • vestibular ligament - make vestibular folds (false vocal folds)
  • cricovocal membrane
Term
Give and describe the articulations of the larynx.
Definition
  • cricoarytenoid articulation - synovial gliding, rotation, open (abduction) & close (adduction) rima glottidis
  • cricothyroid articulation - synovial gliding, tilt thyroid cartilage down, change length/tension of vocal folds
Term
Describe the muscles that work on the articulations of the larynx.
Definition
  • posterior cricoarytenoid - open vocal folds/abduction
  • lateral cricoarytenoid - close vocal folds/adduction
  • cricothyroid - increase tension/length of vocal cords
  • vocalis - runs length of vocal ligament
  • thyroarytenoideus - decrease tension/length of vocal folds
  • arytenoideus - close vocal folds/adduction
Term
What is the rima glottidis?
Definition
The space between the vocal ligaments.
Term
Describe abduction and adduction of the vocal folds.
Definition
  • abduction - opening
  • adduction - closing
Term
Describe the nerve supply to the larynx.
Definition
  • vagus nerve - motor & sensory
  • superior larengeal nerve
  • internal larengeal nerve - sensory above cords
  • external larengeal nerve - motor to cricothyroid
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve - motor to rest of laryngeal muscles/ sensory below cords
Term
Describe the folds of the larynx.
Definition
  • vocal folds - ligaments, muscles, mucus membrane (bottom)
  • vestibular folds - false vocal folds (top)
Term
Give and define the processes involved in speech.
Definition
  • phonation - larynx (raw sound)
  • ressonance - pharynx/nasal cavity/oral cavity/ nasal sinuses
  • articulation - mouth/teeth/lips/tongue
Term
Describe the ventricular system of the brain, their arrangement and position and their connections with the subarachnoid space.
Definition
  • Lat ventricle - c-shaped, cerebral hemispheres
  • 3rd ventricle - lat. walls formed by thalamus/hypothalamus
  • 4th ventricle - pyramid shaped, floor of cerebellum, 3 apertures to subarachnoid space
Term
Describe the temporal mandibular joint in terms of the bones involved and the action of the joint.
Definition
  • involves temporal bone and mandible
  • synovial joint
  • hinge: opens/closes mouth
  • gliding: protractin (sticking out) and retraction (pulling in)
Term
What is the relationship between CN7 & CN5?
Definition
  • CN7 - motor to muscles of expression, taste
  • CN5 - sensory to face, sensory to tongue
Term
Give the layers of the eye.
Definition
  • external (skeleton)
  • middle (vascular)
  • internal (retina)
Term
Give the components of each of the layers and their individual function.
Definition
  • external - sclera, cornea
  • middle - iris (SANS = opens, PANS = closes), ciliary body, choroid
  • internal - macula lutea (detailed vision)
Term
Describe the difference between the optic axis and the orbital axis.
Definition
  • optic axis - in line with the macula lutea (line of sight)
  • orbital axis - in line with the optic disc (axis of rotation)
Term
Give the different refractive media of the eye.
Definition
  • cornea - bends light the most
  • aqueous humor - constricts (PANS - fast) and dialates (SANS - slow) pupil
  • lens
  • vitreous humor
Term
Describe "accommodation".
Definition
  • contraction = loosen suspensory ligament = fatten lens (near)
  • relax = increase tension = thin lens (far)
Term
Describe the iris, pupillary diameter changes and the muscles involved.
Definition
  • ciliary muscles
  • sympathetic - opens - lets more light in (slow)
  • parasympathetic - closes - keeps light out (fast)
Term
What is the "conjunctiva"?
Definition
mucus membrane
Term
Give the nerve supply to the extraocular muscles.
Definition
oculomotor III, trochlear IV, abducent VI
Term
Describe the lacrimal gland and "tearing", include its nerve supply.
Definition
lacrimal gland to lacrimal ducts to eye (CN VII)
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