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Human Gross Anatomy (CSU)
Exam II - TAP
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/02/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Give five functional activities of the bony vertebral column.
Definition
  • posture
  • protective of CNS
  • supports the rib, skull & L.L.
  • muscle attachment
  • locomotion

 

Term
Describe the unique structural characteristics of each of the five vertibral segments.
Definition

Cervical - transverse foramina & bifid spinous process

Thoracic - costal facets & spine-like spinous processes

Lumbar - massive vertebral body & short spinous processes

Sacral - anterior intervertebral foramina, posterior intervertebral foramina, massive alae or superior 'wings', & fused vertebrae

Coccygeals - vestigial in humans

 

Term
Describe the general articulations between adjacent vertebra.
Definition

Adjacent vertibral bodies have intervertibral discs (cartilagimus articulations) between them. Superior and inferior articulating processes have synovial fluid between them so they can glide (zygapophyseal).

Term
Desribe the unique articulations of C1-skull & C1-C2.
Definition

C1-skull - occipital condyles, synovial, biaxiel (yes joint)

C1-C2 - synovial, uniaxiel, rotation (no joint)

Term
Desribe the curves of the vertibral column & associated pathologies.
Definition

Scoliosis - lateral curvature of the spine

Lordosis - exagerated lumbar curve

Kiphosis - exagerated thorasic curve

 

Term
Give five ligaments of the vertebral column, their positions, and functions.
Definition

Anterior Longitudinal Lig. - sacral → skull, wide and broad, limits extention

Posterior Longitudinal Lig. - sacral → skull, narrow, in vertibral cannal anterior to spinal cord, limits flexion

Ligamenta Flava - conects adjacent lamina, completes roof of vertibral cannal, limits lateral flexion

Interspinous Lig. - between spines, tie column together

Supraspinous Lig. - continuous between spines, limits flexion

Term
Describe the anatomy of the intervertebral disc.
Definition

[image]

Term
Describe what is meant by a "herniated disc."
Definition
[image]
Term
What is the difference between extrinsic & intrinsic back muscles?
Definition

Extrinsic - control the U.L.

Intrinsic - control the vertibral column

Term
Splenius
Definition

A: S.P. of upper thoracic vertebrae and ligamentum nuchae

B: T.P. of cervical vertebrae and mastoid process of skull

INN: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Action: Together, extension of cervical vertebral column. Individually, lateral flexion and rotation.

Term
Erector Spinae
Definition

A: Iliac creast, sacrum, S.P. of lower lumbar vertebrae

B: Iliocostalis, most lateral, rib to rib and lower cervical T.P. Longissimus, intermediate, T.P to T.P., sacrum to skull. Spinalis, most medial, S.P. to S.P. from L2 to T2

INN: Dorsal rami of spianl nerves

Action: Together, extension of vertebral column. Individually, lateral flexion.

Term
Transversospinalis
Definition

A: T.P.

B: S.P.

INN: Dorsal rami of spinal nerves

Action: Extension and rotation of vertebral column.

Term
Describe the functions of the spinal cord.
Definition
  • sensory processor - relay nucleus (thalamus)
  • motor outflow - input from neurons in cerebrum/brainstem
  • reflexes - independent of brain
Term
Describe the cells and their functions of the grey matter.
Definition

Grey matter is neuronal cell bodies. The dorsal horn contains interneurons and the ventral horn contains motor neurons. Lateral grey contains cell bodies of the ANS.

Term
Describe the cell processes, their functions and destinations of the white matter.
Definition

White matter is neuronal cell processes. Long ascending tracts send sensory information to the thalamus. Long desending tracts are upper motor neurons synapsing with lower motor neurons. Short propriospinals are interneurons connecting cord sides and levels.

Term
Give the components of a reflex arc.
Definition

[image]

Term
Describe the location and contents of the subarachnoid space.
Definition

Located between L2 - S2, the sub arachnoid space contains cerebrospinal fluid.

Term
Describe the enlargements of the spinal cord, and their function.
Definition

There are 2 enlarged areas of the spinal core. One is at the cervical level because of the U.L. and one is at the lumbar level because of the L.L.

Term
Describe the 3 meningeal layers, thier function and relationship to each other.
Definition

Pia Mater -  vascular layer, closest to the spinal cord

Arachnoid Mater - suspends cord

Dura Mater - attached to vertibrae, tough & thick

Term
Describe the terminal end of the spinal cord, and how it got that way.
Definition
The terminal end of the spinal cord consists of a large subarachnoid space and a strand of pia mater (filum terminale). This occurs because the meningeal layers continue to grow with the vertibrae and the spinal cord grows at a slower rate.
Term
Describe the "lumbar cistern" and its clinical significance.
Definition
The lumbar cistern occurs after the conus medularis and it is a large subarachnoid space and cauda equina. It has a clinical significance because doctors are able to perform a spinal tap safely in this area.
Term
Desribe the relationship of spinal nerves to the bony vertebral column.
Definition

Rule of one's.

Bony C1 - Spinal C1

Bony T1 - Spinal T1

Bony T11 - Spinal L1

Bony L1 - Spinal S1

Term
Describe the functions and composition of the denticulate ligaments and filum terminale.
Definition
Both are pia mater. The filum terminale anchors the cord inferiorly and the denticulate ligaments anchor the cord laterally.
Term
Give an example of a lower motor neuron injury.
Definition
Injury to the brainstem or spinal cord resulting in flaccid paralysis.
Term
Describe the symptoms of a lower motor neuron injury.
Definition
The symptoms of a lower motor neuron injury are flaccid paralysis where none of the area's below the injury have any type of movement.
Term
Describe the symptoms of an upper motor neuron injury.
Definition

An upper motor neuron injury causes spastic paralysis.

hyperreflexia - overactive reflexes

hypertonicity - increased muscle tension

Term
Describe the arterial supply to the anterior and posterior thoracic wall.
Definition

subclavian → internal thoracic → anterior intercostal

 

aorta → posterior intercostal

Term
Describe the venous drainage of the thoracic wall.
Definition

anterior intercostal → internal thoracic → subclavian

 

posterior intercostal → azygous → superior vena cava

Term
Describe the bony and muscular anatomy of the thoracic cage.
Definition

muscles - external intercostal, internal intercostal, diaphragm

bones - ribs, sternum

Term
What direction does the thoracic cavity expand?
Definition
Down
Term
What muscles/bones are involved in these volume changes?
Definition
Diaphragm contracts and flattens out creating more space in the thoracic cavity. Intercostal muscles lift ribs to create more room in  thoracic cavity.
Term
What changes in intrapulmonary volumn/pressure occur during inspiration/expiration?
Definition

inspiration - volume increases and pressure decreases

expiration - volume decreases and pressure increases

Term
Describe the anatomy of the respiratory diaphragm, its attachments and innervation.
Definition

Anatomy - domed at rest, flattens when contracted

A: xiphoid process, last six ribs & costal cartilages, upper three lumbar vertebrae

B: central tendon of diaphragm

Inn - C4, C5, C6 - Phrenic Nerves

Term
Give six structures that pass through the diaphragm.
Definition
  • desending aorta
  • esophagus
  • inferior vena cava
  • azygous vein
  • greater splanchnic nerve
  • internal thorasic a & v → uperior epigastric

 

Term
Give the three divisions of the thorax and their contents.
Definition

Mediastinum - heart, aorta, azygous veins, trachea, esophagus, vagus nerves, sympathetic nerve trunks

Two Pleuras - lungs

Term
Describe the serous lining of the thorax and lungs.
Definition

Creates surface tension between the two pleural layers so that the parietal pleura pulls the visceral pleura which pulls the lungs.

Term
Describe the divisions of the airway from the mouth/nasal cavities to lungs.
Definition
nasal cavity → pharynx → trachea → 1° Bronchi → Lobar Bronchi (2° Bronchi) → Segmented Bronchi (3° Bronchi) → Bronchioles → Aveoli
Term
Describe the three layers of pericardium around the heart.
Definition

Viseral & Parietal - serious membrane

Fibrous - anchors to sternum/diaphram

Term
Trace bloodflow through the heart.
Definition
subclavian vein → brachiocephalic vein → superior vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → pulmonary artery → pulmonary vein → left atrium → left ventricle → asending aorta → aortic arch (brachiocephalic trunk: right subclavian a. & right common carotid a.) → desending aorta
Term
Give the great vessels of the heart, (arteries/veins), their origins and destinations.
Definition
  • aorta - left ventricle → common iliac artery
  • pulmonary trunk - right ventricle → lungs
  • pulmonary veins - lungs → left atrium
  • sup. vena cava - u.l./head → right atrium
  • inf. vena cava - common iliac vein → right atrium
Term
Describe the atrioventricular valves (left & right) and their asociated structures.
Definition
  • right av valve - 3 cusps
  • left av valve - 2 cusps

chordae tendineae & papillary muscles

 

Term
Describe the aortic and semilunar valves and the vessels they regulate.
Definition

Three pouches allow one way flow.

Term
What is the significance of the aortic sinus?
Definition
Get blood to the coronary arteries.
Term
Describe the two coronary arteries, their branches and areas of responsibility.
Definition

Right coronary artery - marginal (goes to the apex of heart) & post. interventricular (between ventricles on post. side)

 

Left coronary artery - curcuflex (wraps around left atrium) & ant. interventricular (between ventricles on ant. side)

 

Term
Describe the venous drainage of the heart.
Definition

The coronary sinus empties into the right atrium.

 

Term
What vessels empty into the coronary sinus and where does it empty?
Definition

great cardiac vein - runs with ant. interventricular artery & circumflex

middle cardiac vein - runs with post interventricular artery

 

both empty into coronary sinus

Term
Describe atherosclerosis, ischemia and angina pectoris.
Definition

atherosclerosis - fatty material buildup causes artery walls to thicken

ischemia - restriction in blood supply

angina pectoris - severe chest pain due to ischemia

Term
Define fetal circulation from the placenta and back to the placenta.
Definition
placenta → umbilical vein → ductus venosus → inf vena cava → right atrium → foramea ovale → left atrium → left ventricle → aorta → head/brain → sup. vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary trunk → ductus arteriosus → desending aorta → common iliac artery → internal iliac artery → umbilical artery → placenta
Term
Describe the interatrial and pulmonary fetal shunts.
Definition

Foramea Ovale - right atrium → left atrium

Ductus Arteriosus - right ventricle → desending aorta

Term
Describe the adult remnants of the two fetal shunts.
Definition

Fossa ovalis & Ligamentum arteriosum

Term
Define the boundaries of the abdominal wall muscles.
Definition
  • superior - last 6 ribs, xiphoid process, T10
  • inferior - iliac crest, L5, pubic symphysis
Term
Give five functions of the abdominal wall muscles.
Definition
  • trunk movement
  • stabalize ribs - u.l. movement
  • respiration
  • protection of abdominal viscera
  • posture
  • increase interabdominal pressure
Term
Describe the rectus sheath.
Definition
Surrounds the rectus abdominus. Aponeurosis of the external oblique, internal oblique, and transverses abdominus are also rectus sheath.
Term
Describe the nerve supply to the GI system.
Definition

Autonomic Nervous Sysytem:

 

Sympathetic - constricts blood

 

Parasympathetic - vagus - X cranial nerve

Term
Describe the anatomy and function of the organs of the GI system.
Definition

Stomach

Duodenum

Liver - detoxifier, glucose → glycogen (storage), stores minerals & vitamins, produces bile

Gallbladder - stores & concentrates bile

Pancreas - Endocrine: produces insulin, Exocrine: digestive enzymes

Spleen - immune organ, produces WBC, breaksdown & stores RBC

Jejunum

Ileum

Cecum - veriform apendix

Colon - asending, transverse, desending, sigmoid

Rectum - anal canal

Anus

Term
Describe the functions of the liver, pancreas and gall bladder.
Definition

Liver - detoxifier, converts glucose to glycogen, stores glycogen, minerals, and vitamins, produces bile

Pancreas:

     Endocrine - produces insulin

     Exocrine - digestive enzymes

Gall bladder - stores and concentrates bile

Term
Trace the flow of bile from the liver to the gall bladder to the duodenum.
Definition
liver → common hypatic duct → cystic duct → gall bladder (concentrated) → cystic duct → bile duct → duodenum
Term
Describe the large intestines as to its five parts and functions.
Definition

cecum - veriform apendix (lymph fxn?)

colon - absorbs vitamins, compacts fecal matter

  •    asending colon
  •    desending colon
  •    transverse colon
  •    sigmoin colon
Term
Describe the peritoneum and its relationship to the abdominal wall and viscera.
Definition
Serous membrane that suspends GI from post. body & neurovascular route.
Term
What is mesentery and omentum and what are their functions?
Definition

mesentary - canals allowing bloodflow and nerves to reach the GI systems

 

omentum - double layer of peritoneum

  • great omentum - stomach → transverse colon
  • lesser omentum - small curvature of stomach
Term
Give the three unpaired arteries of the abdominal aorta and their areas of responsibility.
Definition

celiac trunk:

  • left gastric - stomach, esophagus
  • spenic - spleen, pancreas, stomach
  • common hepatic - liver, stomach, deodenum, gall bladder, pancreas

superior mesentary - deodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, asending colon, ½ transverse colon

inferior mensentary - ½ transverse colon, desending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal

 

Term
Give the three paired arteries of the abdominal aorta and their areas of responsibility.
Definition

gonadal - testes/overies

renal arteries - kidneys

lunbar arteries - post. abdominal wall

Term
Describe the differences between the systemic and portal blood systems.
Definition
Portal blood system has no valves and it goes to the liver first to be detoxified.
Term
Describe portal-system venous anastomoses and their clinical significance.
Definition

esophogeal vein has anastomoses with left gastric vein

inf./middle renal vein has anastomoses with sup. renal vein

 

If portal vein system cannot empty into the liver it will flow backwards and go to the inferior vena cava to get back to the heart.

Term
Describe the urinary tract in the male from kidney to exterior.
Definition
kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
Term
Trace the pathway of sperm from testes to exterior.
Definition
testes → epididymus → ductus deferens → prostate (sminal vesicles) → ejaculatory ducts → urethra (bulbourethral glands)
Term
Describe the location and function of the testes, epididymus, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle, ejaculatory duct, prostate, bulbourethral glands.
Definition

testes - primary sex gland (endocrine - testosterone:exocrine - sperm)

epididymus - sperm matures here

ductus deferens - duct for sperm to travel from testes

seminal vesicles - seminal fluid

ejaculatory duct - sperm meet sminal fluid

prostate - alkaline fluid (helps neutralize the acidity of the vaginal tract)

bulbourethral glands - lubricates urethra for sperm to pass through

 

Term
Describe the structure of the penis.
Definition

Corpora Cavernosa - attach to pubic bone

Corpus Spongiosum - houses urethra

Term
Describe the function of the spermatic cord.
Definition
Holds the testicular arteries & veins, ductus deferens, testicular nerves, lymphatics, and layers of the abdominal wall.
Term
Describe the "descent" of the testes include the gubernaculum, inguinal canal and abdominal muscles.
Definition
The gubernaculum drags the testes down through the inguinal canal pulling the internal oblique's with it.
Term
Describe the urinary tract in the female from the kidney to exterior.
Definition
kidney → ureter → urinary bladder → urethra
Term
Trace the path of ova from the ovary to the uterus.
Definition
ovary → uterine tube → uterus
Term
Describe the location and the function of the ovaries, uterine tube, uterus and vagina.
Definition

ovaries - produce the genetic copy of the owner (egg or ovum)

uterine tube - transport the ovum from the ovary to the uterus & provede the usual sight of fertilization

uterus - provides a nurturing home for the developing embryo

vagina - route for the fetus to emerge & organ of sexual interaction

Term
Describe the position of the uterus relative to the vagina.
Definition
The uterus is superior to the vagina.
Term
What are the vaginal fornices?
Definition
Arches created by the uterus projecting into the vaginal canal.
Term
Describe the fetal gubernaculum and its adult remnants.
Definition

gubernaculum - attached to the anterior abdominal wall, eventually becomes attached to the uterus

 

ovarian ligament - adult remnant, runs from ovary to uterus

Term
Describe the relationship of the uterus and ovary to the peritoneum.
Definition
The uterus and ovary are completely surrounded by peritoneum as if a sheet were draped over the top of them.
Term
What is the broad ligament?
Definition
The double layers of peritoneum hanging from the uterine tubes.
Term
What is the vestibule of the vagina?
Definition
Where the urethral opening and the vaginal opening open.
Term
Describe the labia majora and labia minora and their relationship to each other.
Definition
Circumscribe the openings urethra and the vagina. They also encase the female organ of sexual excitement (clitoris).
Term
Describe the blood supply of the abdominal wall muscles.
Definition

ant. - terminal end of internal thoracic arter (superior epigastric) & ascending inferior epigastric artery (from the external iliac artery

 

post. - four pairs of lumbar arteries arising from the descending aorta

Term
Describe the anatomy of the clitoris.
Definition
Encased by the labia mojora & labia minora.
Term
Compare and contrast the somatic and autonomic nervous systems in reference to their respective: target organ, type of control, neural pathway, and action on target organ.
Definition

somatic - skeletal muscle, voluntary, motor/sensory/reflex

autonomic - cardiac muscle/smooth muscle/glandular tissue, involuntary, motor system

Term
Contrast the anatomical differences of the sympathetic vs. the parasympathetic nervous systems with reference to their origin in the CNS; characteristic peripheral projections and location of ganglia.
Definition

sympathetic - T1 to L2, paravertibral ganglion

parashympathetic - brainstem/S2 & S3, preaortic ganglia

Term
Contrast the general effects of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity; use the effect on heart function as an example.
Definition

sympathetic - fight or flight, increase heart rate

parasympathetic - rest/relax/digest, decrease heart rate

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